Transitivity and proportionality in causation

Transitivity and proportionality in causation
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因果关系的传递性和比例性

DOI:
10.1007/s11229-016-1263-1
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发表时间:
2018
期刊:
影响因子:
1.5
通讯作者:
N.McDonnell
N.McDonnell
中科院分区:
人文科学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
N.McDonnell

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人们普遍认为因果关系是传递的,但假设的反例比比皆是。这些例子有三种类型:开关情况、短路情况和我称之为不匹配的情况。在本文中,我关注的是不匹配变化,这被广泛认为是最容易解决的。我将首先介绍案例和现有的处理策略,然后提出一个新的反例,该反例不受该策略的影响。为了回应这个新的反例,我将介绍一个新颖的解决方案,一个利用Yablo因果关系的比例原则的解决方案。然而,这里有一个陷阱。要么比例性是一个强有力的约束——它约束了哪个因果断言是正确的——并且解决方案有效,要么它不是,因果关系毕竟不是传递性的。我认为,第一个角的后果是不可接受的,应该被拒绝,但第二个角的成本可能比最初看起来要低。
It is widely assumed that causation is transitive, but putative counterexamples abound. These examples come in three varieties: switching cases, short circuit cases, and what I will callmismatchcases. In this paper I focus on the mismatch variety, which is widely taken to be the easiest to resolve. I will first introduce the cases and the existing strategy for dealing with them, then present a new counterexample which is immune to that strategy. In response to this new counterexample I will introduce a novel solution, one drawing on Yablo’s proportionality principle for causation. There is a catch, however. Either proportionality is astrongconstraint—it constrains which causal claims are true—and the solution works, or it is not and causation is not transitive after all. I will argue that the first horn has unacceptable consequences and should be rejected, but that the second horn may be less costly than it initially appears.
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