Theory of sampling and its application in tissue based diagnosis.
Theory of sampling and its application in tissue based diagnosis.
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DOI：
10.1186/1746-1596-4-6
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发表时间：
2009-02-16
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Vollmer E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kayser K;Schultz H;Goldmann T;Görtler J;Kayser G;Vollmer E
介绍了采样的一般理论及其在组织诊断中的应用。采样被定义为从某些有限空间中提取信息，并将其转换为对整个（参考）空间有效的陈述或度量。该程序应在时间和空间上具有可重复性，即在类似情况下应用时产生相同的结果。抽样包括两个不同的方面，即抽样的过程和抽样的效率。样本选择的实际性能集中于搜索基本空间内特定隔室的定位，以及搜索特定隔室的存在。当在诊断过程中应用采样程序时，可以区分两个不同的程序：I）对某个对象的诊断意义的评估，其是对象可以被分组为某个诊断的概率，以及II）检测这些基本单元的概率。采样可以在没有或有外部知识的情况下进行，例如搜索对象的大小、邻域条件、对象的空间分布等。如果样本大小远大于对象大小，则应用平移不变变换导致Kriege公式，该公式广泛用于寻找矿石。通常，在一系列相同大小的区域（空间）选择中执行采样。可以相对于参考空间或根据空间间关系来定义大小。第一种方法叫随机抽样，第二种叫分层抽样。随机采样不需要关于参考空间的知识，并且用于估计对象的数量和大小。估计的特征包括面积（体积）分数、数值、边界和表面密度。分层采样需要了解物体（及其特征），并评估与检测到的物体相关的空间特征（例如物体周围的灰度值分布）。它还用于定义所谓的主动分割中的概率函数的参数。该方法可用于标准化来自化学染色载玻片的图像，并在EAMUS™系统中实施。它还可以应用于搜索“具有放大功能的对象”，即具有“转向功能”的罕见事件。给出了计算所述采样过程的效率和潜在误差率的公式。
A general theory of sampling and its application in tissue based diagnosis is presented. Sampling is defined as extraction of information from certain limited spaces and its transformation into a statement or measure that is valid for the entire (reference) space. The procedure should be reproducible in time and space, i.e. give the same results when applied under similar circumstances. Sampling includes two different aspects, the procedure of sample selection and the efficiency of its performance. The practical performance of sample selection focuses on search for localization of specific compartments within the basic space, and search for presence of specific compartments. When a sampling procedure is applied in diagnostic processes two different procedures can be distinguished: I) the evaluation of a diagnostic significance of a certain object, which is the probability that the object can be grouped into a certain diagnosis, and II) the probability to detect these basic units. Sampling can be performed without or with external knowledge, such as size of searched objects, neighbourhood conditions, spatial distribution of objects, etc. If the sample size is much larger than the object size, the application of a translation invariant transformation results in Kriege's formula, which is widely used in search for ores. Usually, sampling is performed in a series of area (space) selections of identical size. The size can be defined in relation to the reference space or according to interspatial relationship. The first method is called random sampling, the second stratified sampling. Random sampling does not require knowledge about the reference space, and is used to estimate the number and size of objects. Estimated features include area (volume) fraction, numerical, boundary and surface densities. Stratified sampling requires the knowledge of objects (and their features) and evaluates spatial features in relation to the detected objects (for example grey value distribution around an object). It serves also for the definition of parameters of the probability function in so – called active segmentation. The method is useful in standardization of images derived from immunohistochemically stained slides, and implemented in the EAMUS™ system . It can also be applied for the search of "objects possessing an amplification function", i.e. a rare event with "steering function". A formula to calculate the efficiency and potential error rate of the described sampling procedures is given.
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影响因子：
7.3
作者：
Leong, FJWM;Nicholson, AG;McGee, JO
通讯作者：
McGee, JO
影响因子：
7.3
作者：
Leong, FJWM;McGee, J
通讯作者：
McGee, J
迈向自动化的虚拟幻灯片筛选：在互联网中实施的基于自动化组织的虚拟诊断的理论考虑和实际经验。
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Kayser, Klaus;Radziszowski, Dominik;Bzdyl, Piotr;Sommer, Rainer;Kayser, Gian
通讯作者：
Kayser, Gian
影响因子：
3.2
作者：
Mavrodieva, V;Levy, L;Gabriel, DW
通讯作者：
Gabriel, DW
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Atula, Timo;Shoaib, Taimur;Soutar, David S.
通讯作者：
Soutar, David S.