Cereal asparagine synthetase genes.
Cereal asparagine synthetase genes.
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DOI：
10.1111/aab.12632
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发表时间：
2021-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Halford NG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Raffan S;Halford NG
天冬酰胺合成酶催化氨基从谷氨酰胺转移到天冬氨酸以形成谷氨酸和天冬酰胺。农作物中游离（非蛋白质）天冬酰胺的积累对食品安全有影响，因为游离天冬酰胺是丙烯酰胺的前体，丙烯酰胺是一种在高温烹饪和加工过程中形成的致癌污染物。在这里，我们回顾了公开可用的来自早熟禾亚科物种的天冬酰胺合成酶基因的基因组数据，包括面包小麦和相关小麦物种（小麦和山羊草属），小麦族的大麦（大麦）和黑麦（黑麦）。也来自早熟禾亚科;短柄草属的短柄草（Brachypodium dIstachyon）。还包括更多样化的物种，包括黍亚科的高粱（Sorbitum bicolor）和玉米（Zea mays）以及Ehrhartoideae亚科的水稻（Oryza sativa）。小麦族物种的天冬酰胺合成酶基因家族各自包含每个基因组五个基因，其中基因被分配到四个组：1、2、3（细分为3.1和3.2）和4。每个物种在每个组中每个基因组都有一个基因，除了一些面包小麦品种（基因组AABBDD）和二粒小麦（Triticum dicoccoides;基因组AABB）在B基因组中缺乏第2组基因。这就提出了关于栽培面食小麦和面包小麦的B基因组供体的祖先的问题，这表明产生六倍体面包小麦的杂交事件发生了不止一次。在系统发育分析中，来自其他物种的基因与小麦族基因聚在一起，但短柄草，高粱和玉米缺乏第2组基因，而水稻只有两个基因，一个第3组和一个第4组。这意味着TaASN 2是小麦籽粒中表达最高的天冬酰胺合成酶基因，在玉米、水稻、高粱或短柄草中没有等同物。提出了一个进化途径，其中一系列的基因重复产生了在现代小麦族物种中发现的五个基因。本文综述了几种小麦、黑麦、大麦、短柄草、高粱、玉米和水稻的天冬酰胺合成酶基因家族。这表明TaASN 2是小麦籽粒中表达最高的天冬酰胺合成酶基因，在玉米、水稻、高粱或短柄草中没有等同物。它还提出了关于种植面食和面包小麦的祖先的问题。该综述使一个进化路径被绘制出来，其中一系列的基因复制产生了在现代小麦族物种中发现的五个基因。天冬酰胺合成酶很重要，因为游离天冬酰胺是丙烯酰胺的前体，丙烯酰胺是一种致癌的加工污染物，在油炸、烘焙、烘烤和烘烤由谷物以及其他作物物种的块茎、豆类和储藏根制成的产品时形成。
Asparagine synthetase catalyses the transfer of an amino group from glutamine to aspartate to form glutamate and asparagine. The accumulation of free (nonprotein) asparagine in crops has implications for food safety because free asparagine is the precursor for acrylamide, a carcinogenic contaminant that forms during high‐temperature cooking and processing. Here we review publicly available genome data for asparagine synthetase genes from species of the Pooideae subfamily, including bread wheat and related wheat species (Triticum and Aegilops spp.), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and rye (Secale cereale) of the Triticeae tribe. Also from the Pooideae subfamily: brachypodium (Brachypodium dIstachyon) of the Brachypodiae tribe. More diverse species are also included, comprising sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and maize (Zea mays) of the Panicoideae subfamily and rice (Oryza sativa) of the Ehrhartoideae subfamily. The asparagine synthetase gene families of the Triticeae species each comprise five genes per genome, with the genes assigned to four groups: 1, 2, 3 (subdivided into 3.1 and 3.2) and 4. Each species has a single gene per genome in each group, except that some bread wheat varieties (genomes AABBDD) and emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides; genomes AABB) lack a group 2 gene in the B genome. This raises questions about the ancestry of cultivated pasta wheat and the B genome donor of bread wheat, suggesting that the hybridisation event that gave rise to hexaploid bread wheat occurred more than once. In phylogenetic analyses, genes from the other species cluster with the Triticeae genes, but brachypodium, sorghum and maize lack a group 2 gene, while rice has only two genes, one group 3 and one group 4. This means that TaASN2, the most highly expressed asparagine synthetase gene in wheat grain, has no equivalent in maize, rice, sorghum or brachypodium. An evolutionary pathway is proposed in which a series of gene duplications gave rise to the five genes found in modern Triticeae species. This article reviews the asparagine synthetase gene families of several wheat species, rye, barley, brachypodium, sorghum, maize and rice. It shows that TaASN2, the most highly expressed asparagine synthetase gene in wheat grain, has no equivalent in maize, rice, sorghum or brachypodium. It also raises questions about the ancestry of cultivated pasta and bread wheat. The review enabled an evolutionary pathway to be drawn up in which a series of gene duplications gave rise to the five genes found in modern Triticeae species. Asparagine synthetase is important because free asparagine is the precursor for acrylamide, a carcinogenic processing contaminant that forms during frying, baking, roasting and toasting of products made from cereal grains, as well the tubers, beans and storage roots of other crop species.
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