Tropomodulins are negative regulators of neurite outgrowth.

Tropomodulins are negative regulators of neurite outgrowth.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.10.014
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发表时间:
2011-04
影响因子:
6.6
通讯作者:
Fowler VM
Fowler VM
中科院分区:
生物学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Fath T;Fischer RS;Dehmelt L;Halpain S;Fowler VM

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肌动蛋白细胞骨架的调节对于神经突的形成至关重要。原调节蛋白(Tmods)调节肌动蛋白丝尖端的聚合。先前使用神经元特异性同种型Tmod 2缺陷的小鼠模型的实验表明Tmod通过影响学习和记忆的基础过程在神经元功能中的作用。然而,Tmods在细胞水平上的神经元功能中的作用仍然未知。免疫荧光定位的神经元亚型Tmod 1和Tmod 2在培养的大鼠原代海马神经元显示,Tmod 1是丰富的沿着近端部分的F-肌动蛋白束在板状伪足的扩展细胞和生长锥的延伸神经突起,而Tmod 2出现主要是细胞质。这些Tmod亚型在小鼠神经母细胞瘤N2 a细胞系中的功能分析表明,敲低Tmod 2导致轴突形成细胞的数量和轴突长度显著增加。虽然N2 a细胞通过增加Tmod 1水平来补偿Tmod 2敲低,但外源性Tmod 1的过表达对神经突生长没有影响。此外,敲除Tmod 1增加了每个细胞形成的神经突数量,而对神经突形成细胞的数量或神经突长度没有影响。两者合计,这些结果表明,Tmod 1和Tmod 2在神经突形成中具有机械上不同的抑制作用,可能通过对F-肌动蛋白动力学的不同影响和通过早期神经突发生期间的差异定位来介导。
Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton is critical for neurite formation. Tropomodulins (Tmods) regulate polymerization at actin filament pointed ends. Previous experiments using a mouse model deficient for the neuron specific isoform Tmod2 suggested a role for Tmods in neuronal function by impacting processes underlying learning and memory. However, the role of Tmods in neuronal function on the cellular level remains unknown. Immunofluorescence localization of the neuronal isoforms Tmod1 and Tmod2 in cultured rat primary hippocampal neurons revealed that Tmod1 is enriched along the proximal part of F-actin bundles in lamellipodia of spreading cells and in growth cones of extending neurites, while Tmod2 appears largely cytoplasmic. Functional analysis of these Tmod isoforms in a mouse neuroblastoma N2a cell line showed that knockdown of Tmod2 resulted in a significant increase in number of neurite-forming cells and in neurite length. While N2a cells compensated for Tmod2 knockdown by increasing Tmod1 levels, over-expression of exogenous Tmod1 had no effect on neurite outgrowth. Moreover, knockdown of Tmod1 increased the number of neurites formed per cell, without effect on number of neurite-forming cells or neurite length. Taken together, these results indicate that Tmod1 and Tmod2 have mechanistically distinct inhibitory roles in neurite formation, likely mediated via different effects on F-actin dynamics and via differential localizations during early neuritogenesis.
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