Direct and indirect pathways for choosing objects and actions.
Direct and indirect pathways for choosing objects and actions.
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DOI：
10.1111/ejn.13876
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发表时间：
2019-03
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Yoshida A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hikosaka O;Kim HF;Amita H;Yasuda M;Isoda M;Tachibana Y;Yoshida A
基底神经节的一个突出目标是上级丘（SC），其控制对重要对象的注视方向（灵长类动物中的扫视眼球运动）。这种“对象选择”对于选择对对象的操作至关重要。SC受黑质网状部（SNr）支配，而SNr主要受尾状核（CD）控制。该CD-SNr-SC电路对各个对象的值敏感，并且促进对好对象的扫视。目标值在两个并行回路中进行不同的处理：灵活地由尾状头（CDh）和稳定地由尾状尾（CDt）。为了选择好的对象，我们需要拒绝坏的对象。事实上，这些对比功能是由源自CDt的回路完成的：直接通路关注好的物体并促进对它们的扫视;间接通路关注坏的物体并抑制对它们的扫视。CDt的失活恶化了对象选择，因为对坏对象的扫视不再被抑制。这表明，间接途径是重要的对象选择。然而，“对象选择”的直接和间接途径，其目的是同一行动（即，眼跳），可能不适用于“动作选择”。一种可能性是，控制不同行为的回路通过间接途径连接。间接通路与基底神经节以外的大脑区域的额外连接也可能提供更广泛的行为选择。总之，基底神经节回路由基本的直接/间接通路和附加的连接组成，因此具有多种功能。从尾状核到上级丘的平行回路根据物体的价值选择物体，但具有选择性：前回路使用灵活的价值，后回路使用稳定的价值，后回路通过对好物体的扫视（直接途径）和对坏物体的扫视（间接途径）完成物体选择。相反，根据我们的假设，行动选择可能需要多个基底神经节回路之间的相互作用，特别是通过间接途径。
A prominent target of the basal ganglia is the superior colliculus (SC) which controls gaze orientation (saccadic eye movement in primates) to an important object. This ‘object choice’ is crucial for choosing an action on the object. SC is innervated by the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) which is controlled mainly by the caudate nucleus (CD). This CD-SNr-SC circuit is sensitive to the values of individual objects and facilitates saccades to good objects. The object values are processed differently in two parallel circuits: flexibly by the caudate head (CDh) and stably by the caudate tail (CDt). To choose good objects, we need to reject bad objects. In fact, these contrasting functions are accomplished by the circuit originating from CDt: the direct pathway focuses on good objects and facilitates saccades to them; the indirect pathway focuses on bad objects and suppresses saccades to them. Inactivation of CDt deteriorated the object choice, because saccades to bad objects was no longer suppressed. This suggests that the indirect pathway is important for object choice. However, the direct and indirect pathways for ‘object choice’, which aim at the same action (i.e., saccade), may not work for ‘action choice’. One possibility is that circuits controlling different actions are connected through the indirect pathway. Additional connections of the indirect pathway with brain areas outside the basal ganglia may also provide a wider range of behavioral choice. In conclusion, basal ganglia circuits are composed of the basic direct/indirect pathways and additional connections, and thus have acquired multiple functions. Parallel circuits from the caudate nucleus to the superior colliculus choose objects by their values, but selectively: anterior circuit using flexible values, posterior circuit using stable values.In the posterior circuit, the object choice is done by saccading to good objects (by direct pathway) and saccading a way from bad objects (by indirect pathway). In contrast, action choice may require interactions among multiple basal ganglia circuits, especially through indirect pathways, according to our hypothesis.
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影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Cui, Guohong;Jun, Sang Beom;Jin, Xin;Pham, Michael D.;Vogel, Steven S.;Lovinger, David M.;Costa, Rui M.
通讯作者：
Costa, Rui M.
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
BOUSSAOUD, D;DESIMONE, R;UNGERLEIDER, LG
通讯作者：
UNGERLEIDER, LG
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Bayley, PJ;Frascino, JC;Squire, LR
通讯作者：
Squire, LR
影响因子：
4.3
作者：
Ghazizadeh A;Griggs W;Hikosaka O
通讯作者：
Hikosaka O
影响因子：
25
作者：
Bichot, NP;Schall, JD
通讯作者：
Schall, JD