Attention-modulating effects of cognitive enhancers.
Attention-modulating effects of cognitive enhancers.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.pbb.2011.02.008
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发表时间：
2011-08
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Rezvani, Amir H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Levin, Edward D.;Bushnell, Philip J.;Rezvani, Amir H.
注意力可以在实验动物模型中容易地测量。注意力的动物模型已被用于更好地理解与注意力有关的神经系统，注意力如何受损，以及治疗如何改善注意力缺陷。本文综述了如何利用动物模型更好地了解注意力的神经机制，以及如何开发新的治疗注意力障碍的治疗方法。已经开发了几种用于实验动物注意力研究的行为测试方法，包括5-选择系列反应时间任务（5-CSRTT），信号检测任务（SDT）和新物体识别（NOR）测试。这些任务可以与注意力障碍的遗传、病变、药理学和行为模型一起使用，以测试新的治疗方法的疗效。最突出的遗传模型是自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）。表征良好的病变模型包括额叶皮质或枕叶病变。药理学模型包括用NMDA谷氨酸拮抗剂地佐环平（MK-801）、烟碱胆碱能拮抗剂美加明和毒蕈碱胆碱能拮抗剂东莨菪碱激发。行为模型包括分散刺激和衰减的目标刺激。这些行为测试和注意力障碍模型对于开发注意力障碍有效治疗方法的重要验证是，对注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）有效的兴奋剂治疗（例如哌醋甲酯（利他林®））在实验动物模型中有效。在这些动物模型中，还发现包括烟碱激动剂、α4β2烟碱受体脱敏剂和组胺H3拮抗剂在内的较新治疗线可有效改善注意力。在实验动物模型和人群中，尼古丁的注意力改善也有良好的遗留作用。注意力的动物模型可以有效地用于开发注意力障碍的新治疗方法，这些注意力障碍发生在ADHD和其他综合征中，例如阿尔茨海默病和精神分裂症。
Attention can be readily measured in experimental animal models. Animal models of attention have been used to better understand the neural systems involved in attention, how attention is impaired, and how therapeutic treatments can ameliorate attentional deficits. This review focuses on the ways in which animal models are used to better understand the neuronal mechanism of attention and how to develop new therapeutic treatments for attentional impairment. Several behavioral test methods have been developed for experimental animal studies of attention, including a 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), a signal detection task (SDT), and a novel object recognition (NOR) test. These tasks can be used together with genetic, lesion, pharmacological and behavioral models of attentional impairment to test the efficacy of novel therapeutic treatments. The most prominent genetic model is the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Well-characterized lesion models include frontal cortical or hippocamapal lesions. Pharmacological models include challenge with the NMDA glutamate antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801), the nicotinic cholinergic antagonist mecamylamine and the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist scopolamine. Behavioral models include distracting stimuli and attenuated target stimuli. Important validation of these behavioral tests and models of attentional impairments for developing effective treatments for attentional dysfunction is the fact that stimulant treatments effective for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), such as methylphenidate (Ritalin®), are effective in the experimental animal models. Newer lines of treatment including nicotinic agonists, α4β2 nicotinic receptor desensitizers, and histamine H3 antagonists, have also been found to be effective in improving attention in these animal models. Good carryover has also been seen for the attentional improvement of nicotine in experimental animal models and in human populations. Animal models of attention can be effectively used for the development of new treatments of attentional impairment in ADHD and other syndromes in which have attentional impairments occur, such as Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia.
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影响因子：
2.7
作者：
CARLI, M;ROBBINS, TW;EVERITT, BJ
通讯作者：
EVERITT, BJ
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
Bushnell, PJ;Oshiro, WM;Padnos, BK
通讯作者：
Padnos, BK
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
Clements, K. M.;Saunders, A. J.;Wainwright, P. E.
通讯作者：
Wainwright, P. E.
影响因子：
2.9
作者：
Gattu, M;Pauly, JR;Buccafusco, JJ
通讯作者：
Buccafusco, JJ
DOI：
10.1124/jpet.110.166876
发表时间：
2011-01-01
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Brioni, Jorge D.;Esbenshade, Tim A.;Cowart, Marlon D.
通讯作者：
Cowart, Marlon D.