The water consequences of a transitioning US power sector
The water consequences of a transitioning US power sector
复制标题
美国电力行业转型对水的影响
DOI：
10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.021
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
11.2
通讯作者：
Sanders, Kelly T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Peer, Rebecca A.M.;Sanders, Kelly T.
由于技术创新、能源市场、监管结构和社会压力的重大变化，美国电力行业正处于转型状态。随着发电量的变化，发电厂冷却水需求的空间和时间分布也会发生变化。然而，迄今为止，这些影响尚未量化。本研究使用发电厂特定的燃料消耗、发电和冷却水使用数据来评估 2008 年至 2014 年间 8 位水文单元代码 (HUC-8) 流域的火力发电厂取水和消耗的水量变化。在此期间，注意到了一些突出的趋势，包括发电从燃煤蒸汽到天然气联合循环机组、从直流冷却到湿式循环塔和干式冷却系统的转变，以及从传统淡水和盐水的转变。地表冷却水为再生水和地下水源。从 2008 年到 2014 年，美国冷却水总取水量和消耗量有所下降。在此期间，每单位电力输出的平均取水量有所下降，而耗水率的变化则相对平稳。流域尺度用水变化分布不均，一些缺水地区火电厂冷却水用量增加，而另一些地区用水量大幅减少，环境效益显着，特别是在燃煤发电退役或改造的地区。这项研究的结果强调了在当地空间尺度上评估取水和消耗水量的重要性，因为发电厂对下游用户的取水、水质和环境健康影响是不均匀的。
The US power sector is in a state of transition, prompted by significant shifts in technological innovations, energy markets, regulatory structures, and social pressures. As the electricity generation fleet changes, so too does the spatial & temporal distribution of the cooling water requirements for power plants. However, to date, these impacts have yet to be quantified. This study uses power plant-specific fuel consumption, generation, and cooling water use data to assess changes in the water withdrawn and consumed by thermoelectric power plants across 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC-8) watersheds between 2008 and 2014. During this period, a few prominent trends are noted, including transitions in generation from coal-fired steam to natural-gas combined cycle units, from once-through cooling to wet recirculating towers and dry cooling systems, and from traditional fresh and saline surface cooling water to reclaimed water and groundwater sources. Total US cooling water withdrawals and consumption volume decreased from 2008 to 2014. The average water withdrawn per unit of electrical output decreased over this time, while changes in water consumption rates stayed relatively flat. Changes in water use at the watershed scale were unevenly distributed, as some water-scarce regions experienced increases in cooling water usage for thermal power plants, while others experienced significant water reductions and environmental benefits, especially where coal-fired generation was retired or retrofitted. The results from this study underscore the importance of evaluating water withdrawals and consumption at local spatial scales, as the water extraction, water quality and environmental health consequences of power plants on downstream users are non-uniform.
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