Organic farming enhances parasitoid diversity at the local and landscape scales

Organic farming enhances parasitoid diversity at the local and landscape scales
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有机农业增强了当地和景观尺度的寄生生物多样性

DOI:
10.1111/1365-2664.12457
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发表时间:
2015
影响因子:
5.7
通讯作者:
Inclán D
Inclán D
中科院分区:
环境科学与生态学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Inclán D

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有机耕作在不同的管理景观中所产生的益处的大小仍然不清楚,尤其是昆虫寄生蜂潜在的依赖于规模的反应相对来说还没有被探索。确定有机农业影响寄生蜂的规模将是加强其保护的重要步骤。我们在农田和草地的中心和边缘对有机农场和传统农场进行了采样,这些农场位于不同比例的有机土地的景观中。在英国两个生物地理区域的192个农田中,我们发现有机耕作对寄生寄生蜂多样性的正向影响可以在多个空间尺度上观察到。在当地尺度上,我们发现有机农场上寄生寄生蜂的丰度和物种丰富度高于常规农场,田间边缘的寄生虫数量和物种丰富度高于田间中心。在景观尺度上,有机土地比例较高的景观中,寄生动物的多样性较高。在这两个尺度上,有机农业对耕地的积极影响是明显的,而对于草地几乎是中性的。任何加强农业景观中寄生蜂多样性的尝试都需要考虑与生境类型、田间位置和周围景观中的农业管理有关的当地管理。为了恢复寄生蜂的多样性,促进有机农业的目的应该是增加有机农业的总规模和单个农场的连通性。由于有机农业对生物多样性的好处显然超越了单个农场的边界,任何对有机农业的评估都应该考虑到这些积极的外部性。
The magnitude of the benefits derived from organic farming within contrasting managed landscapes remains unclear and, in particular, the potential scale‐dependent response of insect parasitoids is relatively unexplored. Identifying the scale at which parasitoids are affected by organic farming will be an important step to enhance their conservation.We sampled tachinid parasitoids at the centre and margin of arable and grassland fields on paired organic and conventional farms located in landscapes with different proportions of organic land. A total of 192 fields were sampled in two biogeographical regions of the UK.We found that the positive effect of organic farming on tachinid parasitoid diversity can be observed at multiple spatial scales. At the local scale, we found higher abundance and species richness of tachinid parasitoids on organic than on conventional farms and on field margins than on field centres. At the landscape scale, the diversity of tachinids was higher in landscapes with higher proportions of organic land. At both scales, the positive effect of organic farming was clear for arable fields, while it was almost neutral for grasslands.Synthesis and applications. Any attempt to enhance parasitoid diversity in agricultural landscapes needs to consider the local management in relation to the habitat type, location within the field and agricultural management in the surrounding landscape. To restore parasitoid diversity, the promotion of organic agriculture should aim to increase both the total extent of organic farming and the connectivity of individual farms. As the benefits of organic farming to biodiversity clearly spread beyond individual farm boundaries, any assessment of organic farming should consider these positive externalities.
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