Childhood Gender Nonconformity and Intimate Partner Violence in Adolescence and Young Adulthood.
Childhood Gender Nonconformity and Intimate Partner Violence in Adolescence and Young Adulthood.
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DOI：
10.1177/0886260518770643
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发表时间：
2021-03
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Austin, S. Bryn
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Adhia, Avanti;Gordon, Allegra R.;Roberts, Andrea L.;Fitzmaurice, Garrett M.;Hemenway, David;Austin, S. Bryn
关键词：
童年性别不一致与许多不良经历有关，包括同伴欺凌和同性恋暴力。然而，很少有人知道在亲密关系中的性别不一致，独立的性取向。本研究旨在探讨儿童期性别不一致与青少年和成年早期亲密伴侣暴力之间的关联。使用来自2007年美国成长研究浪潮的数据（N = 7，641，平均年龄= 22.8岁），我们估计了11岁以下性别不一致与终身IPV受害和犯罪之间关系的风险比（RR）。模型根据人口统计学特征进行了调整，包括性取向认同。我们评估了性别的影响修改，并检查是否童年虐待介导的不符合和IPV之间的关联。与那些低于中位数的不符合者相比，不符合最高十分位数的男性IPV受害风险（RR = 1.40，95%置信区间[CI] = [1.15，1.71]）和IPV犯罪风险（RR = 2.34，95% CI = 1.54，3.56）升高，调整了性取向和人口统计学特征。没有证据表明女性在性别不一致的前10%中存在类似的关联。儿童期虐待并没有调解IPV的性别不一致的差异。我们确定性别不符合IPV受害和年轻成年男性之间的犯罪，独立的性取向的一个重要的风险指标。调查结果突出了不符合社会性别规范的男孩和男子的脆弱性，以及研究性别表达作为暴力决定因素的重要性。通过更明确地关注社会构建的性别规范和支持不同的性别表达方式，可以改善预防IPV的工作。需要进一步研究不符合和IPV之间的途径，并在更多样化的人群中建立一个更全面的了解独特的经验，性别不平等的青年面临的。
Childhood gender nonconformity has been associated with numerous adverse experiences, including peer bullying and homophobic violence. However, little is known about gender nonconformity in the context of intimate relationships, independent of sexual orientation. This study aimed to examine associations between childhood gender nonconformity and intimate partner violence (IPV) in adolescence and early adulthood. Using data from the 2007 wave of the U.S. Growing Up Today Study (N = 7,641, mean age = 22.8 years), we estimated risk ratios (RRs) for the association of gender nonconformity up to age 11 years and lifetime IPV victimization and perpetration. Models were adjusted for demographic characteristics, including sexual orientation identity. We assessed effect modification by gender and examined whether childhood abuse mediated the association between nonconformity and IPV. Males in the top decile of nonconformity were at elevated risk of IPV victimization (RR = 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.15, 1.71]) and IPV perpetration (RR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.54, 3.56) compared with those below median nonconformity, adjusting for sexual orientation and demographic characteristics. There was no evidence of a similar association for females in the top decile of gender nonconformity. Childhood abuse did not mediate IPV disparities by gender nonconformity. We identify gender nonconformity as an important risk indicator for IPV victimization and perpetration among young adult males, independent of sexual orientation. Findings highlight the vulnerability of boys and men who do not conform to societal gender norms and the importance of studying gender expression as a determinant of violence. IPV prevention efforts may be improved with more explicit focus on socially constructed gender norms and support for diverse gender expressions. Further research into the pathways between nonconformity and IPV and in more diverse populations is needed to build a more comprehensive understanding of the unique experiences gender nonconforming youth face.
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