A recommended occupational exposure limit for formaldehyde based on irritation.
A recommended occupational exposure limit for formaldehyde based on irritation.
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基于刺激性的甲醛推荐职业接触限值。
DOI：
10.1080/009841097160465
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
S. Horowitz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Paustenbach;Y. Alarie;T. Kulle;Neil E. Schachter;Ralph G. Smith;J. Swenberg;H. Witschi;S. Horowitz
近年来，一些监管机构和专业协会建议了甲醛的职业暴露限值（OEL）。本文介绍了一个专家小组的调查结果，工业健康基金会小组，谁负责确定一个OEL，将防止刺激。为了完成这项任务，他们批评了大约150篇科学文章。与许多其他化学品不同，有大量数据可用于确定人体刺激的浓度-反应关系。还评价了Kane等人（1979年）根据动物数据开发的用于预测刺激物暴露安全水平的数学模型。专家组得出结论，对于大多数人来说，甲醛引起的眼睛刺激至少在1.0 ppm之前不会发生。来自涉及志愿者的对照研究的信息表明，在空气中浓度超过2.0-3.0 ppm之前，大多数人不会出现中度至重度眼、鼻和咽喉刺激。数据表明，低于1.0 ppm，如果某些人出现刺激，由于“适应”，影响迅速消退。“根据已发表研究的证据权重，专家组发现，在室内研究中暴露于0.3 ppm的人4-6小时，通常报告眼睛刺激的速度与暴露于清洁空气时观察到的速度没有什么不同。值得注意的是，在浓度为0.5 ppm（8小时TWA）时，大多数工人（约80%）没有观察到眼睛刺激。因此，专家组建议OEL为0.3 ppm，作为8小时时间加权平均值（TWA），上限值（CV）为1.0 ppm（不得超过的浓度），以避免刺激。专家组认为，ACGIH将0.3 ppm的TLV作为上限值是不必要的限制，该值可能是基于TLV委员会对涉及浓度低于0.5 ppm的自我报告反应的研究的重要性的解释。专家组的结论是，任何关于甲醛的职业或环境指南都应主要基于对人类的对照研究，因为几乎所有其他研究都受到其他污染物的影响。专家组还得出结论，如果室内环境中的甲醛浓度保持在0.1 ppm以下（可能每天24小时暴露），这应该可以防止几乎所有人受到刺激。专家组无法确定一组过敏的人，也没有证据表明任何人在吸入甲醛后都会过敏（过敏）。专家组的结论是，有足够的证据表明，哮喘患者在接触浓度高达3.0 ppm的物质后的反应与健康人没有区别。虽然癌症风险不是一个得到详尽评估的主题，但专家组同意其他科学团体的结论，即甲醛的癌症风险在不产生慢性刺激的空气浓度下可以忽略不计。
In recent years, several regulatory agencies and professional societies have recommended an occupational exposure limit (OEL) for formaldehyde. This article presents the findings of a panel of experts, the Industrial Health Foundation panel, who were charged to identify an OEL that would prevent irritation. To accomplish this task, they critiqued approximately 150 scientific articles. Unlike many other chemicals, a large amount of data is available upon which to base a concentration-response relationship for human irritation. A mathematical model developed by Kane et al. (1979) for predicting safe levels of exposure to irritants based on animal data was also evaluated. The panel concluded that for most persons, eye irritation clearly due to formaldehyde does not occur until at least 1.0 ppm. Information from controlled studies involving volunteers indicated that moderate to severe eye, nose, and throat irritation does not occur for most persons until airborne concentrations exceed 2.0-3.0 ppm. The data indicated that below 1.0 ppm, if irritation occurs in some persons, the effects rapidly subside due to "accommodation." Based on the weight of evidence from published studies, the panel found that persons exposed to 0.3 ppm for 4-6 h in chamber studies generally reported eye irritation at a rate no different than that observed when persons were exposed to clean air. It was noted that at a concentration of 0.5 ppm (8-h TWA) eye irritation was not observed in the majority of workers (about 80%). Consequently, the panel recommended an OEL of 0.3 ppm as an 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) with a ceiling value (CV) of 1.0 ppm (a concentration not to be exceeded) to avoid irritation. The panel believes that the ACGIH TLV of 0.3 ppm as a ceiling value was unnecessarily restrictive and that this value may have been based on the TLV Committee's interpretation of the significance of studies involving self-reported responses at concentrations less than 0.5 ppm. The panel concluded that any occupational or environmental guideline for formaldehyde should be based primarily on controlled studies in humans, since nearly all other studies are compromised by the presence of other contaminants. The panel also concluded that if concentrations of formaldehyde are kept below 0.1 ppm in the indoor environment (where exposures might occur 24 h/d) this should prevent irritation in virtually all persons. The panel could not identify a group of persons who were hypersensitive, nor was there evidence that anyone could be sensitized (develop an allergy) following inhalation exposure to formaldehyde. The panel concluded that there was sufficient evidence to show that persons with asthma respond no differently than healthy individuals following exposure to concentrations up to 3.0 ppm. Although cancer risk was not a topic that received exhaustive evaluation, the panel agreed with other scientific groups who have concluded that the cancer risk of formaldehyde is negligible at airborne concentrations that do not produce chronic irritation.
甲醛暴露对小鼠单核吞噬细胞系统的影响。
影响因子：
3.8
作者：
Adams,DO;Hamilton,TA;Lauer,LD;Dean,JH
通讯作者：
Dean,JH
哮喘患者对高达 3 ppm 的甲醛缺乏支气管运动反应。
影响因子：
8.3
作者：
Sheppard,D;Eschenbacher,WL;Epstein,J
通讯作者：
Epstein,J
甲醛哮喘：挑战暴露水平和五年后的命运。
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1982
期刊：
Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association
影响因子：
--
作者：
Hendrick,DJ;Rando,RJ;Lane,DJ;Morris,MJ
通讯作者：
Morris,MJ