Environmental and biological monitoring of exposures to PAHs and ETS in the general population.
Environmental and biological monitoring of exposures to PAHs and ETS in the general population.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envint.2010.05.015
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发表时间：
2010-10
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Benowitz, Neal L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Aquilina, Noel J.;Delgado-Saborit, Juana Mari;Meddings, Claire;Baker, Stephen;Harrison, Roy M.;Jacob, Peyton, III;Wilson, Margaret;Yu, Lisa;Duan, Minjiang;Benowitz, Neal L.
关键词：
本研究的目的是分析非职业暴露的非吸烟成年受试者尿样中的环境烟草烟雾（ETS）和PAH代谢物，并建立空气暴露与尿液浓度之间的关系，以便（a）评估所研究的代谢物作为PAH和ETS生物标志物的适用性，（B）研究使用3-乙烯基吡啶作为ETS示踪剂，以及（c）将ETS情景与接触致癌PAH和VOC联系起来。采集100例受试者的尿液样本，并使用液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）测量萘、芴、菲和芘的单酚代谢物以及尼古丁代谢物可替宁和反式-3 ′-羟基可替宁的浓度，以评估PAH和ETS暴露。使用个人接触采样器测量空气中的接触，并使用GC-MS进行分析。其中包括1，3-丁二烯（BUT）、3-乙烯基吡啶（3-EP）（一种来自尼古丁热解的烟草特异性示踪剂）和多环芳烃。受试者在30分钟的时间-活动问卷中报告ETS，每次ETS暴露发生时，在ETS问卷中收集具体评论。3-EP值（ETS>0.25 μg/m3）用于确认受试者的ETS暴露状态。3-EP、BUT和苯并（a）芘的几何平均值、GM和标准差分别为0.16（5.50）μg/m3、0.22（4.28）μg/m3和0.09（3.03）ng/m3。尿代谢物浓度为0.44（1.70）ng/mL（1-羟基芘）和0.88（5.28）ng/mL（可替宁）。尼古丁的尿液代谢物浓度低于大多数先前的研究，表明ETS暴露组的暴露量非常低。尽管如此，可替宁、反式-3 '羟基可替宁、3-EP、BUT和大多数高分子量多环芳烃的浓度在ETS人群中较高，而2-羟基菲、3+ 4-羟基菲和1-羟基菲仅在高浓度人群中较高-ETS亚群。个人暴露于PAH及其尿液代谢物之间或后者与ETS标志物之间没有太多显著相关性。然而，发现尿中可替宁浓度的对数与3-EP（R =0.75）、BUT（R =0.47）和高分子量多环芳烃（MW>200）的浓度的对数显著相关，尤其是在p = 0.01水平上与金黄色葡萄球菌（R = 0.55）的浓度显著相关。另一方面，低相关性之间的PAH代谢产物2-萘酚和母体PAH，气相萘。这些结果表明，（1）ETS是吸入暴露于致癌物1，3-丁二烯和高分子量多环芳烃的重要来源，其中许多是致癌的，（2）对于低分子量多环芳烃，如萘，通过吸入以外的途径暴露占主导地位，因为代谢物水平与个人暴露空气采样的相关性很差。
The objective of this study was to analyse environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and PAH metabolites in urine samples of non-occupationally exposed non-smoker adult subjects and to establish relationships between airborne exposures and urinary concentrations in order to (a) assess the suitability of the studied metabolites as biomarkers of PAH and ETS, (b) study the use of 3-ethenypyridine as ETS tracer and (c) link ETS scenarios with exposures to carcinogenic PAH and VOC. Urine samples from 100 subjects were collected and concentrations of monophenolic metabolites of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene and the nicotine metabolites cotinine and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine were measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to assess PAH and ETS exposures. Airborne exposures were measured using personal exposure samplers and analysed using GC–MS. These included 1,3-butadiene (BUT), 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP) (a tobacco-specific tracer derived from nicotine pyrolysis) and PAHs. ETS was reported by the subjects in 30-min time–activity questionnaires and specific comments were collected in an ETS questionnaire each time ETS exposure occurred. The values of 3-EP (>0.25 μg/m3 for ETS) were used to confirm the ETS exposure status of the subject. Concentrations as geometric mean, GM, and standard deviation (GSD) of personal exposures were 0.16 (5.50)μg/m3 for 3-EP, 0.22 (4.28)μg/m3 for BUT and 0.09 (3.03)ng/m3 for benzo(a)pyrene. Concentrations of urinary metabolites were 0.44 (1.70)ng/mL for 1-hydroxypyrene and 0.88 (5.28)ng/mL for cotinine. Concentrations of urinary metabolites of nicotine were lower than in most previous studies, suggesting very low exposures in the ETS-exposed group. Nonetheless, concentrations were higher in the ETS population for cotinine, trans-3′hydroxycotinine, 3-EP, BUT and most high molecular weight PAH, whilst 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3+ 4-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxyphenanthrene were only higher in the high-ETS subpopulation. There were not many significant correlations between either personal exposures to PAH and their urinary metabolites, or of the latter with ETS markers. However, it was found that the urinary log cotinine concentration showed significant correlation with log concentrations of 3-EP (R =0.75), BUT (R =0.47), and high molecular weight PAHs (MW>200), especially chrysene (R = 0.55) at the p = 0.01 level. On the other hand, low correlation was observed between the PAH metabolite 2-naphthol and the parent PAH, gas-phase naphthalene. These results suggest that (1) ETS is a significant source of inhalation exposure to the carcinogen 1,3-butadiene and high molecular weight PAHs, many of which are carcinogenic, and (2) that for lower molecular weight PAHs such as naphthalene, exposure by routes other than inhalation predominate, since metabolite levels correlated poorly with personal exposure air sampling.
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.jea.7500156
发表时间：
2001-05-01
期刊：
JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
影响因子：
--
作者：
Georgiadis, P;Stoikidou, M;Kyrtopoulos, SA
通讯作者：
Kyrtopoulos, SA
影响因子：
6.7
作者：
BENOWITZ, NL;JACOB, P
通讯作者：
JACOB, P
DOI：
10.1034/j.1600-0668.2000.010002121.x
发表时间：
2000-06-01
期刊：
INDOOR AIR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE
影响因子：
--
作者：
Hyvärinen, MJ;Rothberg, M;Reijula, K
通讯作者：
Reijula, K
影响因子：
9.8
作者：
Fustinoni, Silvia;Rossella, Federica;Bertazzi, Pier Alberto
通讯作者：
Bertazzi, Pier Alberto
影响因子：
8.3
作者：
Hinwood, AL;Sim, MR;Bastone, EB
通讯作者：
Bastone, EB