"Outside the Skin": The Persistence of Black-White Disparities in U.S. Early-Life Mortality.

"Outside the Skin": The Persistence of Black-White Disparities in U.S. Early-Life Mortality.
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DOI:
10.1215/00703370-10346963
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发表时间:
2022-12-01
期刊:
影响因子:
3.5
通讯作者:
Hummer, Robert A.
Hummer, Robert A.
中科院分区:
法学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Tilstra, Andrea M.;Gutin, Iliya;Dollar, Nathan T.;Rogers, Richard G.;Hummer, Robert A.

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对黑人和白人死亡率差异的研究强调了种族主义“深入皮肤”影响健康的累积途径。然而,这种框架不太适用于生命早期,因为死亡主要归因于外部原因,而不是累积的生物过程。我们使用来自国家生命统计系统多死因档案的死亡率数据和来自监测、流行病学和最终结果计划的人口计数来分析年龄在15-24岁的黑人和白人男性和女性的705,801例死亡。我们估计了年龄标准化死亡率和单减量生命表,以显示1990年至2016年按种族和性别划分的全因死亡率和特定原因死亡率的变化情况。尽管早期死亡率总体上有所下降,但黑人与白人之间的差异在几个原因上仍然没有改变——尤其是杀人,黑人男性的死亡率比白人男性高出近20倍。在此期间,白人青年中的自杀和与毒品有关的死亡人数较高,但它们对出生时预期寿命的影响不到黑人青年中凶杀的一半。至关重要的是,早期生活差异是由可预防的死亡原因造成的,这些原因的影响发生在“皮肤之外”,反映了社会暴露和经历的种族差异,这些差异对黑人和白人青少年和年轻人都是有害的。
Research on Black-white disparities in mortality emphasizes the cumulative pathways through which racism gets “under the skin” to affect health. Yet this framing is less applicable in early life, when death is primarily attributable to external causes rather than cumulative, biological processes. We use mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System Multiple Cause of Death files and population counts from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result Program to analyze 705,801 deaths among Black and white males and females, ages 15-24. We estimate age-standardized death rates and single-decrement life tables to show how all-cause and cause-specific mortality changed from 1990 to 2016 by race and sex. Despite overall declines in early life mortality, Black-white disparities remain unchanged across several causes – especially homicide, where mortality is nearly 20 times higher among Black than white males. Suicide and drug-related deaths are higher among white youth during this period, yet their impact on life expectancy at birth is less than half that of homicide among Black youth. Critically, early life disparities are driven by preventable causes of death whose impact occurs “outside the skin,” reflecting racial differences in social exposures and experiences that prove harmful for both Black and white adolescents and young adults.
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