Life expectancy in adulthood is falling for those without a BA degree, but as educational gaps have widened, racial gaps have narrowed.
Life expectancy in adulthood is falling for those without a BA degree, but as educational gaps have widened, racial gaps have narrowed.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2024777118
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发表时间：
2021-03-16
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Deaton A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Case A;Deaton A
如果没有大学文凭，在美国建立有意义和成功的生活越来越困难。我们探讨了BA差异对寿命的影响，重点关注25岁至75岁之间的预期寿命。在这个拥有前沿医疗技术的世界上最富裕的大国，即使在COVID-19到来之前，没有大学文凭的男性和女性在25至75岁之间的预期寿命在10年的大部分时间里都在下降。从1990年到2018年，拥有和没有学士学位的人的种族差异缩小了70%，而黑人和白人的教育差异都增加了一倍多。在一个越来越唯才是举、越来越不平等的社会里，4年制大学学位越来越成为找到好工作的关键，并最终成为过上好日子的关键。学士学位（BA）正日益分化美国人；三分之一拥有学士学位或以上的人寿命更长，生活更富裕，而三分之二没有学士学位的人则面临着死亡率上升和前景黯淡的问题。我们构建了一个时间序列，从1990年到2018年，总结了每年的死亡率，以及在当年固定死亡率下25至75岁的预期寿命。我们的测量方法排除了那些在过去三十年中表现相对较好的75岁以上的人，并将重点放在因药物过量、自杀和酒精性肝病导致的死亡率迅速上升以及心血管疾病死亡率下降放缓和逆转的年份。从1990年到2018年，我们测量的BA/no-BA差距稳步扩大。2010年以后，拥有学士学位的人的预期寿命继续增加，而没有学士学位的人的预期寿命则有所下降。这对整个人口来说都是如此，对男人和女人，对黑人和白人都是如此。与不断扩大的教育差距相反，黑人和白人之间的差距缩小了，但没有消失。到2018年，大学内部的种族差异大于以大学为条件的种族差异；根据我们的衡量标准，拥有大学文凭的人不分种族，彼此之间的相似度要高于没有学士学位的同一种族的人。
Without a 4-y college diploma, it is increasingly difficult to build a meaningful and successful life in the United States. We explore what the BA divide has done to longevity, focusing on a measure of expected years lived between ages 25 and 75. In the richest large country in the world, with frontier medical technology, expected years lived between 25 and 75 declined for most of a decade for men and women without a 4-y degree, even prior to the arrival of COVID-19. For those with and without a BA, racial divides narrowed by 70% between 1990 and 2018, while educational divides more than doubled for both Black and White people. A 4-y college degree is increasingly the key to good jobs and, ultimately, to good lives in an ever-more meritocratic and unequal society. The bachelor’s degree (BA) is increasingly dividing Americans; the one-third with a BA or more live longer and more prosperous lives, while the two-thirds without face rising mortality and declining prospects. We construct a time series, from 1990 to 2018, of a summary of each year’s mortality rates and expected years lived from 25 to 75 at the fixed mortality rates of that year. Our measure excludes those over 75 who have done relatively well over the last three decades and focuses on the years when deaths rose rapidly through drug overdoses, suicides, and alcoholic liver disease and when the decline in mortality from cardiovascular disease slowed and reversed. The BA/no-BA gap in our measure widened steadily from 1990 to 2018. Beyond 2010, as those with a BA continued to see increases in our period measure of expected life, those without saw declines. This is true for the population as a whole, for men and for women, and for Black and White people. In contrast to growing education gaps, gaps between Black and White people diminished but did not vanish. By 2018, intraracial college divides were larger than interracial divides conditional on college; by our measure, those with a college diploma are more alike one another irrespective of race than they are like those of the same race who do not have a BA.
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影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Montez, Jennifer Karas;Hummer, Robert A.;Rogers, Richard G.
通讯作者：
Rogers, Richard G.
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2012350117
发表时间：
2020-10-06
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Case A;Deaton A;Stone AA
通讯作者：
Stone AA
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
Chetty, Raj;Grusky, David;Narang, Jimmy
通讯作者：
Narang, Jimmy
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Hendi, Arun S.
通讯作者：
Hendi, Arun S.
影响因子：
9.7
作者：
Meara, Ellen R.;Richards, Seth;Cutler, David M.
通讯作者：
Cutler, David M.