Chemistry and lung toxicity of particulate matter emitted from firearms.
Chemistry and lung toxicity of particulate matter emitted from firearms.
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DOI：
10.1038/s41598-022-24856-5
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发表时间：
2022-12-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Gilmour, M. Ian
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kim, Yong Ho;Vance, Samuel A.;Aurell, Johanna;Holder, Amara L.;Pancras, Joseph Patrick;Gullett, Brian;Gavett, Stephen H.;McNesby, Kevin L.;Gilmour, M. Ian
枪支产生的烟雾排放物含有危险化学品，但其性质是否因枪支和弹药类型而改变，以及这种变化是否影响毒性结果，人们知之甚少。通过口咽吸入暴露于六种不同类型的烟雾相关颗粒物（PM）样本的小鼠，评估了肺毒性;（1）手枪PM，（2）步枪PM，（3）铜（Cu）颗粒（步枪PM中Cu的替代物），（4）步枪PM的水溶性组分，（5）除去金属离子的可溶性组分，和（6）步枪PM的不溶性组分。枪射击烟雾PM是在可吸入的大小范围内，但化学成分变化与高水平的铅在手枪和铜在步枪烟雾。手枪PM在暴露后4和24 h未诱导明显的肺毒性，而步枪PM显著增加肺部炎症并降低肺功能。与阴性（盐水）对照相比，相同水平的纯Cu颗粒单独和来自步枪射击PM的可溶性组分增加了中性粒细胞数量，但没有引起明显的细胞损伤或肺功能变化。青霉胺处理的肺组织病理学改变轻微减轻肺组织炎症和损伤，但不能改善肺功能减退。步枪射击PM中可溶性金属离子的螯合作用中和了肺毒性，而不溶性成分则诱导了与步枪PM相同程度的肺毒性。结果表明，不同的枪支类型可以在其排放物中产生对比鲜明的化学光谱，并且步枪PM效应主要由含有高水平Cu的水不溶性组分驱动。这些研究结果提供了更好的知识枪射击烟雾中的有害物质及其潜在的毒理学概况。
Smoke emissions produced by firearms contain hazardous chemicals, but little is known if their properties change depending on firearm and ammunition type and whether such changes affect toxicity outcomes. Pulmonary toxicity was assessed in mice exposed by oropharyngeal aspiration to six different types of smoke-related particulate matter (PM) samples; (1) handgun PM, (2) rifle PM, (3) copper (Cu) particles (a surrogate for Cu in the rifle PM) with and without the Cu chelator penicillamine, (4) water-soluble components of the rifle PM, (5) soluble components with removal of metal ions, and (6) insoluble components of the rifle PM. Gun firing smoke PM was in the respirable size range but the chemical composition varied with high levels of Pb in the handgun and Cu in the rifle smoke. The handgun PM did not induce appreciable lung toxicity at 4 and 24 h post-exposure while the rifle PM significantly increased lung inflammation and reduced lung function. The same levels of pure Cu particles alone and the soluble components from the rifle fire PM increased neutrophil numbers but did not cause appreciable cellular damage or lung function changes when compared to the negative (saline) control. Penicillamine treated rifle PM or Cu, slightly reduced lung inflammation and injury but did not improve the lung function decrements. Chelation of the soluble metal ions from the rifle fire PM neutralized the lung toxicity while the insoluble components induced the lung toxicity to the same degree as the rifle PM. The results show that different firearm types can generate contrasting chemical spectra in their emissions and that the rifle PM effects were mostly driven by water-insoluble components containing high levels of Cu. These findings provide better knowledge of hazardous substances in gun firing smoke and their potential toxicological profile.
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影响因子：
10
作者：
Kim YH;Warren SH;Kooter I;Williams WC;George IJ;Vance SA;Hays MD;Higuchi MA;Gavett SH;DeMarini DM;Jaspers I;Gilmour MI
通讯作者：
Gilmour MI
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Allen, G;Bates, JHT
通讯作者：
Bates, JHT
影响因子：
8.9
作者：
Aurell, Johanna;Holder, Amara L.;Weinstein, Jason P.
通讯作者：
Weinstein, Jason P.
影响因子：
120.7
作者：
FISCHBEIN, A;RICE, C;SELIKOFF, IJ
通讯作者：
SELIKOFF, IJ
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Foster, WM;Walters, DM;Miller, LM
通讯作者：
Miller, LM