The role of mechanism knowledge in singular causation judgments

The role of mechanism knowledge in singular causation judgments
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机制知识在单一因果判断中的作用

DOI:
10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104924
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发表时间:
2022
期刊:
影响因子:
3.4
通讯作者:
Waldmann
Waldmann
中科院分区:
心理学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Stephan;Waldmann

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奇异因果关系查询(例如,“玛丽服用避孕药导致了血栓形成吗?”)在日常生活中无处不在,在医学或法律等许多专业学科中至关重要。关于一般因果关系的知识是必要的,但不足以建立一个单一的因果关系,因为它是可能的,共同出现符合已知的因果关系,在个别情况下仍然只是巧合。因此,进一步的线索有助于建立单一的因果关系。在目前的研究中,我们专注于信息的机制作为一个有力的线索。虽然以前的研究表明,推理机认为机制信息是重要的,当涉及到回答奇异的因果关系查询,没有正式的模型已经提出,解释为什么会这样。我们在这里提出了一个计算模型,解释因果机制信息如何影响奇异因果判断。我们还使用该模型来识别限制机制信息效用的条件。我们报告三个实验测试我们的正式分析的影响。在实验1中,我们发现推理者系统地使用机制信息,这在很大程度上与我们的正式模型一致,尽管我们也发现有些人似乎依赖于更简单、计算要求更低的推理策略。实验2和实验3的结果表明,推理者对限制因果机制信息效用的条件有了初步的理解。
Singular causation queries (e.g., “Did Mary's taking contraceptives cause her thrombosis?”) are ubiquitous in everyday life and crucial in many professional disciplines, such as medicine or law. Knowledge about general causal regularities is necessary but not sufficient for establishing a singular causation relation because it is possible that co-occurrences consistent with known regularities are in an individual case still just coincidental. Thus, further cues are helpful to establish a singular causation relation. In the present research we focus on information about mechanisms as a potent cue. While previous studies have shown that reasoners consider mechanism information as important when it comes to answering singular causation queries, no formal model has been proposed that explains why this is case. We here present a computational model that explains how causal mechanism information affects singular causation judgments. We also use the model to identify conditions that restrict the utility of mechanism information. We report three experiments testing the implications of our formal analysis. In Experiment 1 we found that reasoners systematically use mechanism information, largely in accordance with our formal model, although we also discovered that some people seem to rely on simpler, computationally less demanding reasoning strategies. The results of Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrate that reasoners have a tentative understanding of the conditions that restrict the utility of causal mechanism information.
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