CTD of SARS-CoV-2 N protein is a cryptic domain for binding ATP and nucleic acid that interplay in modulating phase separation.

CTD of SARS-CoV-2 N protein is a cryptic domain for binding ATP and nucleic acid that interplay in modulating phase separation.
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DOI:
10.1002/pro.4221
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发表时间:
2022-03
期刊:
Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Song J
Song J
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Dang M;Song J

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SARS-CoV-2核衣壳(N)蛋白在病毒生命周期的许多步骤中起着重要作用,因此代表了关键的药物靶标。N蛋白包含折叠的N-/C-末端结构域(NTD/CTD)和三个固有无序区,而其功能包括液-液相分离(LLPS)取决于结合不同序列的各种病毒/宿主细胞RNA/DNA的能力。以前,NTD被建立为结合各种RNA/DNA,而CTD被建立为二聚化/寡聚化以形成高级结构。通过NMR,我们在这里首次解密CTD不仅能够结合来自SARS-CoV-2 gRNA的特异性探针S2 m,而且其亲和力甚至高于NTD。非常出乎意料的是,ATP(具有高细胞浓度(2-16 mM)的所有活细胞的通用能量货币)以1.49 ± 0.28 mM的Kd特异性结合CTD。引人注目的是,NTD/CTD的ATP结合残基在SARS-CoV-2变体中是相同的,而ATP和S2 m在结合NTD/CTD以及调节对病毒生命周期至关重要的LLPS中相互作用。结果不仅将CTD定义为ATP和核酸的新型结合结构域,而且还加强了我们之前的提议,即ATP已被SARS-CoV-2进化利用,以完成其在宿主细胞中的生命周期。最重要的是,NTD/CTD上独特的ATP结合口袋可能为设计特异性抗SARS-CoV-2分子以对抗大流行提供有希望的靶点。从根本上说,ATP在mM时作为细胞因子发挥作用,以控制宿主细胞和缺乏生成ATP能力的病毒之间的界面。
SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid (N) protein plays essential roles in many steps of the viral life cycle, thus representing a key drug target. N protein contains the folded N‐/C‐terminal domains (NTD/CTD) and three intrinsically disordered regions, while its functions including liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) depend on the capacity in binding various viral/host‐cell RNA/DNA of diverse sequences. Previously NTD was established to bind various RNA/DNA while CTD to dimerize/oligomerize for forming high‐order structures. By NMR, here for the first time we decrypt that CTD is not only capable of binding S2m, a specific probe derived from SARS‐CoV‐2 gRNA but with the affinity even higher than that of NTD. Very unexpectedly, ATP, the universal energy currency for all living cells with high cellular concentrations (2–16 mM), specifically binds CTD with Kd of 1.49 ± 0.28 mM. Strikingly, the ATP‐binding residues of NTD/CTD are identical in the SARS‐CoV‐2 variants while ATP and S2m interplay in binding NTD/CTD, as well as in modulating LLPS critical for the viral life cycle. Results together not only define CTD as a novel binding domain for ATP and nucleic acid, but enforce our previous proposal that ATP has been evolutionarily exploited by SARS‐CoV‐2 to complete its life cycle in the host cell. Most importantly, the unique ATP‐binding pockets on NTD/CTD may offer promising targets for design of specific anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 molecules to fight the pandemic. Fundamentally, ATP emerges to act at mM as a cellular factor to control the interface between the host cell and virus lacking the ability to generate ATP.
(1)H,(13)C和(15)N的SARS-COV-2核素蛋白的C末端二聚化结构域的N型骨架化学位移分配。
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