Epigenetic Modifications in Plant Development and Reproduction.
Epigenetic Modifications in Plant Development and Reproduction.
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DOI：
10.3390/epigenomes5040025
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发表时间：
2021-11-19
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Albertini E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brukhin V;Albertini E
植物在其一生中受到光、温度、天气条件和许多其他环境因素的高度波动的影响。与动物不同的是，作为一种无根生物，它们无法逃脱、隐藏，甚至无法改变自己的位置。因此，植物的生长发育在很大程度上取决于与外界环境的相互作用。这种相互作用的成功取决于表型可塑性的能力，而表型可塑性在很大程度上是由表观遗传调控决定的。除了环境因素如何改变基因表达模式外，表观遗传调控还决定了一种细胞类型向另一种细胞类型分化过程中基因表达的变化，以及基因表达模式如何从一个细胞传递给它的后代。因此，一个基因组可以产生许多“表观基因组”。表观遗传修饰在配子形成和植物生殖过程中具有特殊的意义，在减数分裂和早期胚胎发生过程中，表观遗传标记被消除，随后又重新出现。然而，在植物无性生殖过程中，当减数分裂不存在或暂停时，发生在亲本孢子体上的表观遗传修饰可以几乎不变地传递给下一代。在有性繁殖和无性繁殖的植物中，表观遗传变异具有不同的适应意义。在无性生殖中，当基因型在许多代个体中保持不变时，表观遗传调控对于赋予表现型可塑性尤为重要。特别令人感兴趣的是将获得的表观遗传记忆转移给后代的可能性问题及其在自然选择和进化中的潜在作用。所有这些问题都将在本文中进行一定程度的讨论。
Plants are exposed to highly fluctuating effects of light, temperature, weather conditions, and many other environmental factors throughout their life. As sessile organisms, unlike animals, they are unable to escape, hide, or even change their position. Therefore, the growth and development of plants are largely determined by interaction with the external environment. The success of this interaction depends on the ability of the phenotype plasticity, which is largely determined by epigenetic regulation. In addition to how environmental factors can change the patterns of genes expression, epigenetic regulation determines how genetic expression changes during the differentiation of one cell type into another and how patterns of gene expression are passed from one cell to its descendants. Thus, one genome can generate many ‘epigenomes’. Epigenetic modifications acquire special significance during the formation of gametes and plant reproduction when epigenetic marks are eliminated during meiosis and early embryogenesis and later reappear. However, during asexual plant reproduction, when meiosis is absent or suspended, epigenetic modifications that have arisen in the parental sporophyte can be transmitted to the next clonal generation practically unchanged. In plants that reproduce sexually and asexually, epigenetic variability has different adaptive significance. In asexuals, epigenetic regulation is of particular importance for imparting plasticity to the phenotype when, apart from mutations, the genotype remains unchanged for many generations of individuals. Of particular interest is the question of the possibility of transferring acquired epigenetic memory to future generations and its potential role for natural selection and evolution. All these issues will be discussed to some extent in this review.
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