Off-Cycle Processes in Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Carboranes.

Off-Cycle Processes in Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Carboranes.
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DOI:
10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00257
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发表时间:
2019-08-16
影响因子:
3.4
通讯作者:
Spokoyny AM
Spokoyny AM
中科院分区:
化学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Dziedzic RM;Axtell JC;Rheingold AL;Spokoyny AM

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催化反应中的非循环过程可以极大地影响化学转化的结果,并影响其产率、选择性、速率和产物分布。虽然非循环中间体的产生会使反应配位分析复杂化或阻碍催化效率,但此类物质的产生也可能为独特化学产品开辟新途径。最近,我们报道了 Pd 介导的碳硼烷与一系列 O、N 和 C 基亲核试剂的官能化。通过利用 Buchwald 及其同事开发的联芳基膦配体支持的钯基催化系统,我们发现了一种非循环异构化过程(“笼式行走”),该过程可以从单个卤代硼簇异构体生成四​​种区域异构产物。在这里,我们描述了在 Pd 催化的串联笼行走/交叉偶联过程中,几个非循环过程如何影响区域异构体的产率和分布。特别是,调整催化循环中的金属交换步骤使我们能够将笼行走过程纳入钯催化的空间无阻碍底物(包括氰化物)的交叉偶联中。这项工作证明了使用串联笼行走/交叉偶联作为一种独特的低温方法来生产单取代碳硼烷区域异构体的可行性。
Off-cycle processes in catalytic reactions can dramatically influence the outcome of the chemical transformation and affect its yield, selectivity, rate, and product distribution. While the generation of off-cycle intermediates can complicate reaction coordinate analyses or hamper catalytic efficiency, the generation of such species may also open new routes to unique chemical products. Recently, we reported the Pd-mediated functionalization of carboranes with a range of O-, N-, and C-based nucleophiles. By utilizing a Pd-based catalytic system supported by a biaryl phosphine ligand developed by Buchwald and co-workers, we discovered an off-cycle isomerization process (“cage-walking”) that generates four regioisomeric products from a single halogenated boron cluster isomer. Here we describe how several off-cycle processes affect the regioisomer yield and distribution during Pd-catalyzed tandem cage-walking/cross-coupling. In particular, tuning the transmetallation step in the catalytic cycle allowed us to incorporate the cage-walking process into Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of sterically unencumbered substrates, including cyanide. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using tandem cage-walking/cross-coupling as a unique low-temperature method for producing regioisomers of mono-substituted carboranes.
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