Off-Cycle Processes in Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Carboranes.
Off-Cycle Processes in Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Carboranes.
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DOI:
10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00257
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发表时间:
2019-08-16
影响因子:
3.4
通讯作者:
Spokoyny AM
中科院分区:
文献类型:
--
作者:
Dziedzic RM;Axtell JC;Rheingold AL;Spokoyny AM
Off-cycle processes in catalytic reactions can dramatically influence the outcome of the chemical transformation and affect its yield, selectivity, rate, and product distribution. While the generation of off-cycle intermediates can complicate reaction coordinate analyses or hamper catalytic efficiency, the generation of such species may also open new routes to unique chemical products. Recently, we reported the Pd-mediated functionalization of carboranes with a range of O-, N-, and C-based nucleophiles. By utilizing a Pd-based catalytic system supported by a biaryl phosphine ligand developed by Buchwald and co-workers, we discovered an off-cycle isomerization process (“cage-walking”) that generates four regioisomeric products from a single halogenated boron cluster isomer. Here we describe how several off-cycle processes affect the regioisomer yield and distribution during Pd-catalyzed tandem cage-walking/cross-coupling. In particular, tuning the transmetallation step in the catalytic cycle allowed us to incorporate the cage-walking process into Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of sterically unencumbered substrates, including cyanide. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using tandem cage-walking/cross-coupling as a unique low-temperature method for producing regioisomers of mono-substituted carboranes.
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