Codon optimality in cancer.

Codon optimality in cancer.
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DOI:
10.1038/s41388-021-02022-x
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发表时间:
2021-11
期刊:
影响因子:
8
通讯作者:
Bushell M
Bushell M
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Gillen SL;Waldron JA;Bushell M

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癌细胞的一个关键特征是其增殖能力增强,这需要提高蛋白质合成水平。蛋白质合成过程涉及将 mRNA 编码序列内的密码子翻译成一串氨基酸以形成多肽链。由于大多数氨基酸由多个密码子编码,编码区的核苷酸序列可以显着变化,而不改变所编码蛋白质的多肽序列。尽管不改变最终氨基酸序列的突变通常被认为是沉默/同义的,但这些突变仍然会对蛋白质输出产生巨大影响。由于每个密码子具有不同的翻译延伸率,并且可以对 mRNA 稳定性产生不同的影响,因此每个密码子对于蛋白质合成具有不同程度的“最优性”。最近的数据表明,转录组的密码子偏好与细胞内 tRNA 的丰度相匹配,并且 tRNA 和 mRNA 之间的供应和需求在不同的细胞类型之间存在差异。观察到的最大区别是编码与增殖或分化相关的蛋白质的 mRNA 之间。然而,密码子最优性和 tRNA 表达水平如何调节细胞命运决定及其在恶性肿瘤中的作用尚不完全清楚。这篇综述描述了当前对密码子最优性的机制理解、其在恶性肿瘤中的作用,并讨论了在癌症背景下以密码子最优性为治疗目标的潜力。
A key characteristic of cancer cells is their increased proliferative capacity, which requires elevated levels of protein synthesis. The process of protein synthesis involves the translation of codons within the mRNA coding sequence into a string of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. As most amino acids are encoded by multiple codons, the nucleotide sequence of a coding region can vary dramatically without altering the polypeptide sequence of the encoded protein. Although mutations that do not alter the final amino acid sequence are often thought of as silent/synonymous, these can still have dramatic effects on protein output. Because each codon has a distinct translation elongation rate and can differentially impact mRNA stability, each codon has a different degree of ‘optimality’ for protein synthesis. Recent data demonstrates that the codon preference of a transcriptome matches the abundance of tRNAs within the cell and that this supply and demand between tRNAs and mRNAs varies between different cell types. The largest observed distinction is between mRNAs encoding proteins associated with proliferation or differentiation. Nevertheless, precisely how codon optimality and tRNA expression levels regulate cell fate decisions and their role in malignancy is not fully understood. This review describes the current mechanistic understanding on codon optimality, its role in malignancy and discusses the potential to target codon optimality therapeutically in the context of cancer.
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