Emerging Infectious Diseases: Concepts in Preparing for and Responding to the Next Microbial Threat
Emerging Infectious Diseases: Concepts in Preparing for and Responding to the Next Microbial Threat
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新发传染病：准备和应对下一个微生物威胁的概念
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9781139629317.011
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Roselle
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stephen;M.;Kralovic;Gary;A.;Roselle
前美国卫生部长威廉·H·斯图尔特在20世纪60年代末曾表示，现在是时候结束对传染病这一公共健康的主要威胁了。尽管这一说法的真实性受到质疑，1但它经常被用来传达卫生专家和世界领导人当时表达的乐观。2当时，困扰人类数千年的传染病时代似乎即将结束。疫苗和抗生素大大降低了许多疾病的发病率和死亡率。根除天花运动正在进行中，人们认为根除其他疾病(例如结核病和小儿麻痹症)不会太远。食品和水安全的改善减少了对致病微生物的接触，使用杀虫剂控制节肢动物种群减少了媒介传播的疾病。与微生物世界的战斗似乎已经赢得了胜利，是时候将努力和资金集中在迫在眉睫的慢性病威胁上了。然而，这种信心在很大程度上忽视了发展中国家的传染病负担。50年后，尽管在控制传染病方面取得了长足的进步，但微生物病原体仍然是对世界各地公共健康的主要威胁。过去几十年带来了新的挑战：曾经被认为是由抗生素控制的“旧”病原体已经产生了多重抗药性，新的病原体出现了，传统的病原体出现在了新的地点。此外，全球商业和旅行增加以及故意释放病原体的威胁等因素为造成大量人员伤亡的传染病灾难埋下了伏笔。在本章中，“伤亡”包括所有有传染病症状的人，而不仅仅是死亡。关于对公共卫生具有重要意义的病原体的出现和重新出现，有广泛的知识。人类与地球上的微生物同居者处于微妙的平衡之中；
Former U.S. Surgeon General William H. Stewart has been attributed with stating in the late 1960s that the time had come to “close the book” on infectious diseases as major threats to public health. Even though this statement’s authenticity has been questioned,1 it is often used to convey the optimism expressed at the time by health experts and world leaders.2 At the time, it did appear that the age of infectious diseases that had plagued humans for millennia was coming to an end. Vaccines and antibiotics had substantially reduced the incidence and mortality of many diseases. The smallpox eradication campaign was on its way and it was thought that eradication of other diseases (for example tuberculosis and polio) would not be too far behind. Improved food and water safety resulted in less exposure to disease-causing microbes, and the use of pesticides to control arthropod populations had reduced vector-borne diseases. It seemed the battle with the microbial world had been won, and it was time to focus efforts and funding on the looming threat of chronic diseases. This confidence, however, largely ignored the burden of infectious diseases in the developing world. Five decades later, although great strides have been made to control infectious diseases, microbial pathogens are still major threats to public health throughout the world. The last few decades have unveiled new challenges: “old” pathogens once thought to be controlled by antibiotics have developed multidrug resistance, new pathogens have emerged, and traditional pathogens have appeared in new locations. Furthermore, factors such as increased global commerce and travel and the threat of the intentional release of pathogens have set the stage for infectious disease disasters with large numbers of casualties. In this chapter, “casualties” includes all persons with symptoms of the infectious disease, not just fatalities. There is a wide body of knowledge on the emergence and reemergence of pathogens of public health importance. Humans are in a delicate balance with microbial cohabitants of the earth;
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影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Spellberg, B;Powers, JH;Edwards, JE
通讯作者：
Edwards, JE
DOI：
10.1056/nejmoa1306742
发表时间：
2013-08-01
期刊：
The New England journal of medicine
影响因子：
--
作者：
Assiri A;McGeer A;Perl TM;Price CS;Al Rabeeah AA;Cummings DA;Alabdullatif ZN;Assad M;Almulhim A;Makhdoom H;Madani H;Alhakeem R;Al-Tawfiq JA;Cotten M;Watson SJ;Kellam P;Zumla AI;Memish ZA;KSA MERS-CoV Investigation Team
通讯作者：
KSA MERS-CoV Investigation Team
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.97.4.1438
发表时间：
2000-02-15
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Lobitz, B;Beck, L;Colwell, R
通讯作者：
Colwell, R
影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Boucher, Helen W.;Talbot, George H.;Gilbert, David
通讯作者：
Gilbert, David