A slowly evolving host moves first in symbiotic interactions.
A slowly evolving host moves first in symbiotic interactions.
复制标题
缓慢发展的宿主首先在共生相互作用中移动。
DOI：
10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01299.x
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发表时间：
2011-08
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Gore J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Damore JA;Gore J
共生关系，无论是寄生还是互利，在自然界中无处不在。了解这些共生体是如何进化的，从细菌和它们的共生体到人类和我们的肠道微生物群落，对于了解生命是如何运作的至关重要。通常，共生体由一个缓慢进化的宿主物种组成，每个宿主只与自己的共生体亚群相互作用。红皇后假说将共同进化关系描述为持续的军备竞赛，每个物种都急于进化出优于另一个物种的优势，这表明更快的进化是有利的。在这里，我们使用一个简单的游戏理论模型的主机，共生体的共同进化，包括人口结构表明，如果共生体比主机进化得快得多，均衡分布是一样的，如果它是一个连续的游戏，主机首先对它的共生体移动。对于缓慢进化的宿主来说，这将证明在互惠中是有利的，在对抗中是不利的。结果如下从共生体快速适应其主机，是强大的参数的变化，甚至推广到连续和多人游戏。我们的研究结果提供了深入了解广泛的共生现象，并有助于统一领域的共同进化理论。共生体在几乎所有的生态系统中都起着至关重要的作用，但令人惊讶的是，人们对它们是如何进化的知之甚少（Eberhard 1980）。经验和理论研究往往局限于特定形式的相互作用和复杂的模型，难以形成强有力的概括。然而，在大多数共生关系中，由于世代时间、突变率或相互作用的重要性的不对称性，一方的进化速度比另一方快得多。因此，为了更好地理解共生相互作用，许多人采用了红皇后假说，该假说将共同进化关系描述为不断的军备竞赛，以获得优势，从而有利于快速进化。这种共同进化的竞争可以在细菌和噬菌体之间的相互作用中清楚地看到，在这种相互作用中，细菌努力获得抗性，并急于克服它。事实上，高进化率可以是如此之高，以至于与噬菌体共同进化的细菌产生的突变率比野生型高10 - 100倍。然而，最近的一项理论研究发现了红皇后假说的一个例外，他们称之为红王效应：当两个物种争夺互利共生的好处时，进化较慢的物种实际上可以拥有优势。在他们的基本模型中，这两个物种被假设处于一个混合良好的环境中，这意味着两个物种的每个成员都与另一个物种的每个成员相互作用。对于一些描述相互作用的参数制度，种群在初始条件的较大部分中达到了有利于缓慢进化的物种的平衡，特别是那些两个物种都开始自私的物种。虽然能够快速适应可能在纯粹的对抗关系中是有利的，但有时致力于一种策略也是有益的。作者将这比作在讨价还价过程中“被绑住双手”，迫使快速进化的物种屈服于而不是超越其缓慢进化的伙伴。
Symbiotic relationships, both parasitic and mutualistic, are ubiquitous in nature. Understanding how these symbioses evolve, from bacteria and their phages to humans and our gut microflora, is crucial in understanding how life operates. Often, symbioses consist of a slowly evolving host species with each host only interacting with its own sub-population of symbionts. The Red Queen hypothesis describes coevolutionary relationships as constant arms races with each species rushing to evolve an advantage over the other, suggesting that faster evolution is favored. Here, we use a simple game theoretic model of host-symbiont coevolution that includes population structure to show that if the symbionts evolve much faster than the host, the equilibrium distribution is the same as it would be if it were a sequential game where the host moves first against its symbionts. For the slowly evolving host, this will prove to be advantageous in mutualisms and a handicap in antagonisms. The result follows from rapid symbiont adaptation to its host and is robust to changes in the parameters, even generalizing to continuous and multiplayer games. Our findings provide insight into a wide range of symbiotic phenomena and help to unify the field of coevolutionary theory. Symbioses play a vital role in nearly all ecosystems, but surprisingly little is known about how they evolve (Eberhard 1980). Empirical and theoretical studies often restrict themselves to specific forms of interactions and complicated models that make it difficult to form powerful generalities. However, in most symbiotic relationships, one partner evolves much faster than the other because of an asymmetry in generation time, mutation rate, or importance of the interaction. Therefore, in an effort to better understand symbiotic interactions, many have employed the Red Queen hypothesis, which describes coevolutionary relationships as constant arms races to gain the upper hand, thus favoring rapid rates of evolution. This coevolutionary race can be clearly seen in interactions between bacteria and their phage where the bacteria struggle to gain resistance and the phages rush to overcome it. In fact, high evolutionary rates can be so highly favored that bacteria coevolving with phage develop mutation rates 10–100 fold higher than wild-type. However, a recent theoretical study found an exception to the Red Queen hypothesis that they called the Red King effect: when two species fight over the benefits of a mutualism, the slower evolving species can actually have an advantage. In their basic model, the two species were assumed to be in a well-mixed environment, meaning that each member from both species interacted with every member of the other species. For some parameter regimes describing the interaction, the population reached the equilibrium that favored the slowly evolving species in a larger fraction of initial conditions, particularly those where both species start out being selfish. While being able to rapidly adapt may be advantageous in purely antagonistic relationships, sometimes being committed to a strategy can be beneficial. The authors liken this to “having one's hands tied” during a bargaining process, forcing the quickly evolving species to yield to rather than outrun its slowly evolving partner.
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2004.2789
发表时间：
2004-09-07
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Holland, JN;DeAngelis, DL;Schultz, ST
通讯作者：
Schultz, ST
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
AXELROD, R;HAMILTON, WD
通讯作者：
HAMILTON, WD
DOI：
10.1098/rspb.1979.0081
发表时间：
1979-01-01
期刊：
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
影响因子：
--
作者：
DAWKINS, R;KREBS, JR
通讯作者：
KREBS, JR
影响因子：
9.2
作者：
Lysenko, Elena S.;Lijek, Rebeccah S.;Weiser, Jeffrey N.
通讯作者：
Weiser, Jeffrey N.
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Lindell, Debbie;Jaffe, Jacob D.;Chisholm, Sallie W.
通讯作者：
Chisholm, Sallie W.