A Year at the Forefront of Bacterial Defense Systems Against Neutrophilic Oxidants.

A Year at the Forefront of Bacterial Defense Systems Against Neutrophilic Oxidants.
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DOI:
10.1242/bio.059809
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发表时间:
2023-04-15
期刊:
影响因子:
2.4
通讯作者:
--
中科院分区:
生物学4区
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--
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入侵病原体面临的一项挑战是暴露于高度杀菌的次卤酸 (HOX),例如次氯酸 (HOCl) 和次硫氰酸 (HOSCN)。 HOX 由先天免疫细胞在吞噬过程中产生高浓度,通过广泛的大分子损伤杀死被吞噬的微生物。然而,微生物已经进化出解毒氧化剂和/或减轻 HOX 介导的损伤的策略,这提高了它们在 HOX 暴露期间的存活率。许多防御系统是细菌特异性的,因此被认为是潜在的药物靶点。我们的小型回顾重点介绍了微生物 HOX 防御系统领域的最新进展(2021 年 7 月至 2022 年 11 月)以及这些系统的监管方式。我们报告了氧化还原感应转录调节因子、双组分系统和 σ/抗 σ 因子的最新进展,并回顾了这些调节蛋白中的氧化修饰如何影响其靶基因的表达。此外,我们讨论了描述次氯酸如何影响氧化还原调节酶活性的新研究,并强调了细菌用于减少 HOSCN 的机制。摘要:这一年的《前沿评论》揭示了细菌反应以及活性氧和氯物种防御领域的最新进展
One challenge for invading pathogens represents the exposure to highly microbicidal hypohalous acids (HOX), such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN). Generated at high concentrations by innate immune cells during phagocytosis, HOX kills the engulfed microbes through extensive macromolecular damage. However, microorganisms have evolved strategies to detoxify the oxidants and/or alleviate HOX-mediated damage, which improves their survival during HOX exposure. Many of these defense systems are bacteria-specific and therefore considered potential drug targets. Our minireview highlights recent (July 2021 to November 2022) advances in the field of microbial HOX defense systems and how these systems are regulated. We report recent progress on redox-sensing transcriptional regulators, two-component systems, and σ/anti-σ factors and review how oxidative modifications in these regulatory proteins affect the expression of their target genes. Moreover, we discuss novel studies that describe how HOCl affects the activity of redox-regulated enzymes and highlight mechanisms that bacteria employ to reduce HOSCN. Summary: This a Year at the Forefront Review sheds light on the most recent developments in the field of bacterial responses and defenses against reactive oxygen and chlorine species
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