The role of institutional entrepreneurs and informal land transactions in Mexico City’s urban expansion

The role of institutional entrepreneurs and informal land transactions in Mexico City’s urban expansion
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机构企业家和非正式土地交易在墨西哥城城市扩张中的作用

DOI:
10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105374
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发表时间:
2021
期刊:
影响因子:
6.9
通讯作者:
Turner II, B.L.
Turner II, B.L.
中科院分区:
经济学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Tellman, Beth;Eakin, Hallie;Janssen, Marco A.;de Alba, Felipe;Turner II, B.L.

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在发展中国家,非正规的城市扩张,或将土地转为城市土地用途,超过了正规的城市化。理解这种非正式性存在和持续存在的原因,对于抵制其混乱和无法治理的特征至关重要。这项研究探讨了谁塑造了非正式的安排,以满足未满足的住房需求,扩大城市足迹,从社会住房项目集中蹲在墨西哥城大都会从2000年至2016年。制度分析阐明了在“行动情况”中的收益分配,在“制度企业家”中,对城市土地的决定是反复回避或改变正式规则或创造新的城市土地监管规则的行为者。我们使用的访谈数据的成本和收益的分布在54个参与最近的非正式城市扩张,以提供低收入和中等收入的住房(2000年至2016年),以确定潜在的杠杆点的制度变革。我们描述了四种类型的非正式城市土地交易:i)城市化个别地块的土地,ii)翻转或细分为多个地块的土地,iii)入侵的土地,和iv)操纵社会和公共住房的发展。我们发现,中介机构、开发商和政治家等制度性利益相关者不成比例地受益于并强化了无计划的城市扩张。这些企业家为城市贫民提供住房,但付出了社会和环境代价,包括剥削非正规定居者、保护地城市化和环境服务损失。将非正式性分解为其普遍存在的机构组成部分,并分析墨西哥城内外的回报分配,可以提供有关城市可持续发展治理的见解。
Informal urban expansion, or conversion of land to urban land uses, outpaces formal urbanization in the developing world. Understanding why this informality exists and persists is essential to counteract characterizations that it is chaotic and ungovernable. This research examines who shapes the informal arrangements developed to meet unmet housing needs that expand the urban footprint, from social housing projects to concentrated squatting in Mexico City metropolis from 2000 to 2016. Institutional analysis elucidates the distribution of payoffs in the “action situation” where decisions about urban land are made, and among “institutional entrepreneurs”, actors that repeatedly evade or alter formal rules or create new rules of urban land regulation. We use interview data regarding the distribution of costs and benefits among 54 actors involved in recent informal urban expansion to provide low- and middle-income housing (2000–2016) to identify potential leverage points for institutional change. We describe four types of informal urban land transactions: i) urbanizing individual plots of land, ii) flipping or subdividing land into multiple parcels, iii) invading land, and iv) manipulating social and public housing developments. We find institutional entrepreneurs—intermediaries, developers, and politicians—disproportionately benefit from and reinforce unplanned urban expansion. These entrepreneurs provide housing for the urban poor, but with social and environmental costs, including exploitation of informal settlers and urbanization of conservation land and loss of environmental services. Disaggregating informality into its component pervasive institutions and analyzing the distribution of payoffs in and beyond Mexico City provides insights about governance for urban sustainability.
治理特大城市水治理和土地利用规划方面的差距:墨西哥城水文风险的例子
DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2018.06.009
发表时间: 2018
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