Genetic control of retinal ganglion cell genesis.

Genetic control of retinal ganglion cell genesis.
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DOI:
10.1007/s00018-021-03814-w
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发表时间:
2021-05
期刊:
Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Mu X
Mu X
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Lyu J;Mu X

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视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)是神经视网膜中唯一的投射神经元。它们接收并整合来自视觉电路中上游视网膜神经元的视觉信号,并将其传输到大脑。 RGC 的功能由大约 40 种投射到不同中枢大脑目标的 RGC 类型执行。 RGC 是视网膜发生过程中形成的第一种细胞类型。 RGC谱系的规范和分化是一个逐步的过程;控制 RGC 谱系的分层基因调控网络已被确定并继续得到阐述。最近的单细胞转录组学研究对它们的类​​型和发育轨迹产生了前所未有的新见解。在这篇综述中,我们总结了我们目前对 RGC 谱系的规范和分化的许多调节因子的功能和关系的理解。我们强调这些关键转录因子和通路在不同发育步骤中的作用,包括从视网膜祖细胞(RPC)到RGC的转变、RGC分化、不同RGC类型的生成以及RGC轴突的中央投射。我们讨论了为全面了解 RGC 起源和新兴技术的这些不同方面而需要解决的关键问题,包括单细胞技术、新型遗传工具和资源,以及高通量基因组编辑和筛选测定,这些可以在未来的研究中利用。
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the only projection neurons in the neural retina. They receive and integrate visual signals from upstream retinal neurons in the visual circuitry and transmit them to the brain. The function of RGCs is performed by the approximately 40 RGC types projecting to various central brain targets. RGCs are the first cell type to form during retinogenesis. The specification and differentiation of the RGC lineage is a stepwise process; a hierarchical gene regulatory network controlling the RGC lineage has been identified and continues to be elaborated. Recent studies with single-cell transcriptomics have led to unprecedented new insights into their types and developmental trajectory. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the functions and relationships of the many regulators of the specification and differentiation of the RGC lineage. We emphasize the roles of these key transcription factors and pathways in different developmental steps, including the transition from retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) to RGCs, RGC differentiation, generation of diverse RGC types, and central projection of the RGC axons. We discuss critical issues that remain to be addressed for a comprehensive understanding of these different aspects of RGC genesis and emerging technologies, including single-cell techniques, novel genetic tools and resources, and high-throughput genome editing and screening assays, which can be leveraged in future studies.
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