On the gender–science stereotypes held by scientists: explicit accord with gender-ratios, implicit accord with scientific identity
On the gender–science stereotypes held by scientists: explicit accord with gender-ratios, implicit accord with scientific identity
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论科学家对性别科学的刻板印象：明确符合性别比例，隐含符合科学认同
DOI：
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Brian A. Nosek
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Frederick L. Smyth;Brian A. Nosek
在过去的40年里，女性在科学界的代表性发生了实质性的变化，但变化并不均衡。例如，在健康和生物科学领域，女性在美国科学家中的比例现在与男性持平或超过男性，而在物理科学和工程领域，女性仍然是明显的少数。我们调查了科学学科中女性比例的差异是否与每个学科的学生和科学家持有的不同程度的男性偏爱显性或隐性刻板印象有关。我们假设，在女性更有代表性的学科中，科学是男性的刻板印象会更弱。这一预测在176,935名受过大学教育的参与者(70%是女性)的样本中得到了验证，其中包括数千名工程师、医生和科学家。这一预测支持外显刻板印象，但不支持内隐刻板印象。内隐刻板印象强度与学科的性别比例无关，而是与学科科学强度的两个指标相关，男性为正向，女性为负向。从18岁起，被认为更科学的专业或学科工作的女性，其科学是男性的刻板印象比相同学科的男性要弱得多，在最具科学性的学科中，性别差异大于0.8标准差。此外，特别是对妇女而言，各科学学科之间隐含的陈规定型观念强度的差异与妇女在这些学科中所持有的科学价值观的强度相一致。这些结果是在心理操作的双重过程理论和平衡同一性理论的背景下讨论的。研究结果表明，有必要对影响成人发展的因素进行纵向研究，特别是对儿童的内隐性别刻板印象和科学认同的影响。
Women's representation in science has changed substantially, but unevenly, over the past 40 years. In health and biological sciences, for example, women's representation among U.S. scientists is now on par with or greater than men's, while in physical sciences and engineering they remain a clear minority. We investigated whether variation in proportions of women in scientific disciplines is related to differing levels of male-favoring explicit or implicit stereotypes held by students and scientists in each discipline. We hypothesized that science-is-male stereotypes would be weaker in disciplines where women are better represented. This prediction was tested with a sample of 176,935 college-educated participants (70% female), including thousands of engineers, physicians, and scientists. The prediction was supported for the explicit stereotype, but not for the implicit stereotype. Implicit stereotype strength did not correspond with disciplines' gender ratios, but, rather, correlated with two indicators of disciplines' scientific intensity, positively for men and negatively for women. From age 18 on, women who majored or worked in disciplines perceived as more scientific had substantially weaker science-is-male stereotypes than did men in the same disciplines, with gender differences larger than 0.8 standard deviations in the most scientifically-perceived disciplines. Further, particularly for women, differences in the strength of implicit stereotypes across scientific disciplines corresponded with the strength of scientific values held by women in the disciplines. These results are discussed in the context of dual process theory of mental operation and balanced identity theory. The findings point to the need for longitudinal study of the factors' affecting development of adults' and, especially, children's implicit gender stereotypes and scientific identity.
影响因子：
7.6
作者：
Greenwald, AG;Nosek, BA;Banaji, MR
通讯作者：
Banaji, MR
影响因子：
7.6
作者：
Greenwald, AG;McGhee, DE;Schwartz, JLK
通讯作者：
Schwartz, JLK
影响因子：
5.4
作者：
Greenwald, AG;Banaji, MR;Mellott, DS
通讯作者：
Mellott, DS