Children's phthalate intakes and resultant cumulative exposures estimated from urine compared with estimates from dust ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption in their homes and daycare centers.
Children's phthalate intakes and resultant cumulative exposures estimated from urine compared with estimates from dust ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption in their homes and daycare centers.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0062442
复制
发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Clausen G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bekö G;Weschler CJ;Langer S;Callesen M;Toftum J;Clausen G
根据 431 名 3 至 6 岁丹麦儿童尿液中的邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物水平，计算出邻苯二甲酸二乙酯 (DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯 (DnBP)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯 (DiBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯 (BBzP) 和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯 (DEHP) 的每日总摄入量。对于每个儿童，通过从儿童家庭和日托中心收集的灰尘中的邻苯二甲酸盐含量来估计通过摄入、吸入和皮肤吸收而在室内环境中暴露的摄入量。根据尿液样本，DEHP 的每日总摄入量最高（中位数：4.42 µg/d/kg-bw），BBzP 最低（中位数：0.49 µg/d/kg-bw）。对于DEP、DnBP和DiBP，接触室内环境空气和灰尘的量分别约占总摄入量的100%、15%和50%，其中气相的皮肤吸收是主要的接触途径。 BBzP 和 DEHP 摄入总量的 90% 以上来自室内空气和灰尘以外的来源。根据尿样中的代谢物水平，所有暴露途径中 DnBP 和 DiBP 的每日摄入量分别超过了 22 名和 23 名儿童的每日耐受摄入量 (TDI)。室内暴露导致 14 名儿童的平均每日 DiBP 摄入量超过了 TDI。使用相对累积每日耐受摄入量 (TDIcum) 的概念（适用于基于相同健康终点确定 TDI 的邻苯二甲酸盐），我们检查了所有途径中 DnBP、DiBP 和 DEHP 的累积总暴露量；它超出了30%儿童的可忍受水平。仅从三个室内通道来看，几个孩子的累积摄入量就超过了 TDIcum。接触空气中的邻苯二甲酸盐和室内灰尘会显着增加儿童对某些邻苯二甲酸盐的总摄入量。此类暴露本身可能会导致摄入量超过当前限值。
Total daily intakes of diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DnBP), di(isobutyl) phthalate (DiBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were calculated from phthalate metabolite levels measured in the urine of 431 Danish children between 3 and 6 years of age. For each child the intake attributable to exposures in the indoor environment via dust ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption were estimated from the phthalate levels in the dust collected from the child’s home and daycare center. Based on the urine samples, DEHP had the highest total daily intake (median: 4.42 µg/d/kg-bw) and BBzP the lowest (median: 0.49 µg/d/kg-bw). For DEP, DnBP and DiBP, exposures to air and dust in the indoor environment accounted for approximately 100%, 15% and 50% of the total intake, respectively, with dermal absorption from the gas-phase being the major exposure pathway. More than 90% of the total intake of BBzP and DEHP came from sources other than indoor air and dust. Daily intake of DnBP and DiBP from all exposure pathways, based on levels of metabolites in urine samples, exceeded the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for 22 and 23 children, respectively. Indoor exposures resulted in an average daily DiBP intake that exceeded the TDI for 14 children. Using the concept of relative cumulative Tolerable Daily Intake (TDIcum), which is applicable for phthalates that have established TDIs based on the same health endpoint, we examined the cumulative total exposure to DnBP, DiBP and DEHP from all pathways; it exceeded the tolerable levels for 30% of the children. From the three indoor pathways alone, several children had a cumulative intake that exceeded TDIcum. Exposures to phthalates present in the air and dust indoors meaningfully contribute to a child’s total intake of certain phthalates. Such exposures, by themselves, may lead to intakes exceeding current limit values.
登录
查看更多内容
影响因子：
6.1
作者：
Abraham, K;Mielke, H;Gundert-Remy, U
通讯作者：
Gundert-Remy, U
影响因子：
5.8
作者：
Clausen, G.;Host, A.;Sigsgaard, T.
通讯作者：
Sigsgaard, T.
DOI：
10.1007/s00128-001-0255-z
发表时间：
2002-03-01
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
Brock, JW;Caudill, SP;Hilborn, ED
通讯作者：
Hilborn, ED
影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Chen, Mei-Lien;Chen, Jing-Shieng;Mao, I-Fang
通讯作者：
Mao, I-Fang
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Cho SC;Bhang SY;Hong YC;Shin MS;Kim BN;Kim JW;Yoo HJ;Cho IH;Kim HW
通讯作者：
Kim HW