The contingency symmetry bias (affirming the consequent fallacy) as a prerequisite for word learning: A comparative study of pre-linguistic human infants and chimpanzees
The contingency symmetry bias (affirming the consequent fallacy) as a prerequisite for word learning: A comparative study of pre-linguistic human infants and chimpanzees
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偶然对称性偏差（肯定随之而来的谬误）作为单词学习的先决条件：前语言人类婴儿和黑猩猩的比较研究
DOI：
10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104755
复制
发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Tomonaga Masaki
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Imai Mutsumi;Murai Chizuko;Miyazaki Michiko;Okada Hiroyuki;Tomonaga Masaki
众所周知，人类有一种“肯定随之而来的谬误”，它假定即使顺序颠倒，习得的偶然性也是正确的。相比之下，非人类动物不会被这一谬论所迷惑，因为它们没有偶然性对称偏见。重要的是，语言建立在符号和指称之间的对称关系之上，偶然性对称偏向在词汇学习中起着关键作用。语言个体发生的一个关键问题是权变对称性偏差是通过词汇学习的经验获得的，还是在婴儿开始词汇学习之前就已经存在了。使用习惯化转换范式，8个月大的人类婴儿和成年黑猩猩熟悉了两个物体-然后运动序列，其中物体A(或B)总是与运动A(或B)配对。在测试中，偶发事件的顺序颠倒了。当婴儿观察到物体-运动对以相反的顺序被破坏时，表现出惊讶(实验1)。相比之下，尽管黑猩猩能够检测到原始方向上的配对被破坏(实验2a)，但当偶然性顺序颠倒时，它们没有区分习得的和新的配对(实验2b)。结果表明，偶合对称偏向是人类独有的认知偏向，它在语言习得中起着至关重要的作用。这种偶然性对称性偏向可能会给人类带来巨大的优势，因为它使人类能够在不需要直接训练的情况下迅速扩展自己的知识，并使它们与其他动物物种截然不同。(250字)。
Humans are known to possess an “affirming the consequent fallacy,” which assumes that a learned contingency holds true even when the order is reversed. In contrast, non-human animals do not fall for this fallacy, as they do not have the contingency symmetry bias. Importantly, language is founded on the symmetrical relationship between symbols and referents, and the contingency symmetry bias plays a key role in word learning. A critical problem for the ontogenesis of language is whether the contingency symmetry bias has been acquired through the experience of word learning or if it is present before infants begin word learning. Using a habituation switch paradigm, 8-month-old human infants and adult chimpanzees were familiarized with two object-then-movement sequences, whereby Object A (or B) was always paired with Movement A (or B). At test, the order of the contingency was reversed. The infants showed surprise when observing the violation of the object-movement pairings in the reversed sequence (Experiment 1). In contrast, despite the chimpanzees being able to detect the violation of the pairings in the original direction (Experiment 2a), they did not discriminate the learned and novel pairings when the order of the contingency was reversed (Experiment 2b). The results suggest that the contingency symmetry bias is a uniquely human cognitive bias, one which plays a critical role for language acquisition ontogenetically. This contingency symmetry bias likely gives humans a great advantage, by enabling them to rapidly expand their knowledge without direct training and making them strikingly different from other animal species. (250 words).
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