Systems for intricate patterning of the vertebrate anatomy.
Systems for intricate patterning of the vertebrate anatomy.
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DOI：
10.1098/rsta.2020.0270
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发表时间：
2021-12-27
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Headon DJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Painter KJ;Ptashnyk M;Headon DJ
在脊椎动物的解剖学中，周期模式形成了复杂的阵列，特别是皮肤的毛囊和毛囊，但在肠道的绒毛以及肺、肾、乳腺和唾液腺的许多分支中也是如此。这些组织是复合结构，由毗邻的上皮和间质组成，其中出现的图案需要这两个组织层之间的相互作用。在胚胎发育过程中，细胞周期性地改变它们的分布和状态，确定这些特化结构的大小和相对位置。它们的位置由简单的间隔机制决定，大量证据表明对称性破坏背后的各种局部增强/侧向抑制系统。然而，所涉及的细胞过程的性质一直不太清楚。虽然很多注意力都集中在细胞间的可溶信号上，如蛋白质生长因子，但有越来越多的实验证据表明，细胞运动或机械力对对称性破坏有贡献。在间充质中，不同于上皮细胞，细胞可以自由移动，并可以通过趋化作用或通过对周围基质上的机械应变产生和反应而自组织成聚集体。不同的自组织模式可以共存，或者协调成一个单一的系统，或者具有等级关系。为了促进对生物模式形成的理解，需要考虑广泛的不同的生物过程。本文是《图灵形态发生理论的最新进展和开放前沿》主题的一部分。
Periodic patterns form intricate arrays in the vertebrate anatomy, notably the hair and feather follicles of the skin, but also internally the villi of the gut and the many branches of the lung, kidney, mammary and salivary glands. These tissues are composite structures, being composed of adjoined epithelium and mesenchyme, and the patterns that arise within them require interaction between these two tissue layers. In embryonic development, cells change both their distribution and state in a periodic manner, defining the size and relative positions of these specialized structures. Their placement is determined by simple spacing mechanisms, with substantial evidence pointing to a variety of local enhancement/lateral inhibition systems underlying the breaking of symmetry. The nature of the cellular processes involved, however, has been less clear. While much attention has focused on intercellular soluble signals, such as protein growth factors, experimental evidence has grown for contributions of cell movement or mechanical forces to symmetry breaking. In the mesenchyme, unlike the epithelium, cells may move freely and can self-organize into aggregates by chemotaxis, or through generation and response to mechanical strain on their surrounding matrix. Different modes of self-organization may coexist, either coordinated into a single system or with hierarchical relationships. Consideration of a broad range of distinct biological processes is required to advance understanding of biological pattern formation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Recent progress and open frontiers in Turing's theory of morphogenesis'.
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