Age and Gender Differences in Facial Attractiveness, but Not Emotion Resemblance, Contribute to Age and Gender Stereotypes.
Age and Gender Differences in Facial Attractiveness, but Not Emotion Resemblance, Contribute to Age and Gender Stereotypes.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01704
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Zebrowitz L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Palumbo R;Adams RB Jr;Hess U;Kleck RE;Zebrowitz L
大量研究表明，面部外貌对特质印象和群体刻板印象有影响。我们在两项研究中扩展了这些发现，这两项研究调查了相似对年轻人(YA)和老年人(OA)的情感表达和吸引力的贡献，以及在温暖和能力维度上的年龄和性别刻板印象。研究一使用连接主义模型对240张中性表情的年轻面孔和年长面孔进行建模，发现中性表情年长面孔或女性面孔分别比年轻面孔或男性面孔在结构上与快乐表情更相似，而与愤怒表情更不相似。此外，中性的女性面孔更像是惊讶的表情。在研究2中，YA和OA对研究1的面孔进行了吸引力评分，并根据能力(胜任的、健康的)和温暖(值得信赖、不精明)这两个维度对4个特征进行了汇总。我们发现，YA，而不是OA，年龄刻板印象重复了之前的研究，表明老年人感受到的温暖更高，感受到的能力更低。此外，先前记录的性别刻板印象在YA和OA中都受到面部年龄的影响。年轻面孔比年长面孔和女性面孔比男性面孔更具吸引力，这影响了年龄和性别刻板印象，包括这些偏离之前使用类别标签而不是面孔的研究结果。另一方面，面部年龄和面部性别在情感相似性上的差异并不影响年龄或性别刻板印象，这与预测相反。我们的结果对从对类别标签的反应中得出的关于年龄和性别刻板印象的结论提出了警告，并揭示了使用一种对群体外表差异的影响敏感的方法来评估刻板印象的重要性，这种影响可能会在更生态有效的背景下加剧或减轻刻板印象。尽管本研究中的吸引力性别差异可能不具有概括性，但年龄差异可能具有概括性，而且它们可以削弱对较大温暖的归因，并加强对年龄较大的人而不是较年轻的人对较低能力的归因，这一事实具有重要的实际意义。
Considerable research has shown effects of facial appearance on trait impressions and group stereotypes. We extended those findings in two studies that investigated the contribution of resemblance to emotion expressions and attractiveness to younger adults (YA) and older adults (OA) age and gender stereotypes on the dimensions of warmth and competence. Using connectionist modeling of facial metrics of 240 neutral younger and older faces, Study 1 found that, neutral expression older faces or female faces showed greater structural resemblance to happy expressions and less resemblance to angry expressions than did younger or male faces, respectively. In addition, neutral female faces showed greater resemblance to surprise expressions. In Study 2, YA and OA rated the faces of Study 1 for attractiveness and for 4 traits that we aggregated on the dimensions of competence (competent, healthy) and warmth (trustworthy, not shrewd). We found that YA, but not OA, age stereotypes replicated previous research showing higher perceived warmth and lower perceived competence in older adults. In addition, previously documented gender stereotypes were moderated by face age for both YA and OA. The greater attractiveness of younger than older faces and female than male faces influenced age and gender stereotypes, including these deviations from prior research findings using category labels rather than faces. On the other hand, face age and face sex differences in emotion resemblance did not influence age or gender stereotypes, contrary to prediction. Our results provide a caveat to conclusions about age and gender stereotypes derived from responses to category labels, and they reveal the importance of assessing stereotypes with a methodology that is sensitive to influences of group differences in appearance that can exacerbate or mitigate stereotypes in more ecologically valid contexts. Although the gender differences in attractiveness in the present study may not have generalizability, the age differences likely do, and the fact that they can weaken the attribution of greater warmth and strengthen the attribution of lower competence to older than younger individuals has important practical implications.
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DOI：
10.3390/bs5040443
发表时间：
2015-10-27
期刊：
Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Fölster M;Hess U;Hühnel I;Werheid K
通讯作者：
Werheid K
影响因子：
2.1
作者：
Hess, U;Blairy, S;Kleck, RE
通讯作者：
Kleck, RE
影响因子：
3.8
作者：
Freudenberg, Maxi;Adams, Reginald B., Jr.;Hess, Ursula
通讯作者：
Hess, Ursula
影响因子：
7.6
作者：
EAGLY, AH;STEFFEN, VJ
通讯作者：
STEFFEN, VJ
影响因子：
8.2
作者：
Cogsdill EJ;Todorov AT;Spelke ES;Banaji MR
通讯作者：
Banaji MR