Neural substrates of individual differences in human fear learning: evidence from concurrent fMRI, fear-potentiated startle, and US-expectancy data.
Neural substrates of individual differences in human fear learning: evidence from concurrent fMRI, fear-potentiated startle, and US-expectancy data.
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DOI：
10.3758/s13415-012-0089-7
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发表时间：
2012-09
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Kindt M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
van Well S;Visser RM;Scholte HS;Kindt M
为了深入了解恐惧学习的个体差异，我们研究了与其神经基质直接相关的歧视性恐惧条件反射的情感和认知表达。与以前的行为神经（fMRI）研究恐惧学习（其中恐惧的情绪表达通常由皮肤电导指数化）相反，我们使用恐惧增强惊吓，一种更可靠和更具体的恐惧指数。虽然我们同时获得了恐惧增强的惊吓，神经成像（fMRI）和US预期数据，但健康参与者接受了恐惧条件化范式，其中两个条件刺激（CS+而不是CS-）之一与电击（无条件刺激[US]）配对。从行为水平（惊吓增强和US预期）和神经水平（杏仁核、前扣带皮层、海马和海马）的恐惧差异表达（CS+ > CS-）中可以明显看出恐惧学习。我们通过根据参与者是否表现出成功的差异性惊吓增强来对他们进行分类（有条件的与无条件的），研究了辨别性恐惧条件反射的个体差异。这表明，在歧视性恐惧学习（惊吓增强）的情绪表达的个体差异反映在杏仁核激活的差异，无论恐惧学习的认知表达（CS-US应急或海马激活）。我们的研究提供了第一个证据的潜力，检查惊吓增强同步fMRI研究恐惧学习。
To provide insight into individual differences in fear learning, we examined the emotional and cognitive expressions of discriminative fear conditioning in direct relation to its neural substrates. Contrary to previous behavioral–neural (fMRI) research on fear learning—in which the emotional expression of fear was generally indexed by skin conductance—we used fear-potentiated startle, a more reliable and specific index of fear. While we obtained concurrent fear-potentiated startle, neuroimaging (fMRI), and US-expectancy data, healthy participants underwent a fear-conditioning paradigm in which one of two conditioned stimuli (CS+ but not CS–) was paired with a shock (unconditioned stimulus [US]). Fear learning was evident from the differential expressions of fear (CS+ > CS–) at both the behavioral level (startle potentiation and US expectancy) and the neural level (in amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and insula). We examined individual differences in discriminative fear conditioning by classifying participants (as conditionable vs. unconditionable) according to whether they showed successful differential startle potentiation. This revealed that the individual differences in the emotional expression of discriminative fear learning (startle potentiation) were reflected in differential amygdala activation, regardless of the cognitive expression of fear learning (CS–US contingency or hippocampal activation). Our study provides the first evidence for the potential of examining startle potentiation in concurrent fMRI research on fear learning.
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