Distinct clones of Yersinia pestis caused the black death.
Distinct clones of Yersinia pestis caused the black death.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.ppat.1001134
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发表时间：
2010-10-07
期刊：
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Bramanti B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Haensch S;Bianucci R;Signoli M;Rajerison M;Schultz M;Kacki S;Vermunt M;Weston DA;Hurst D;Achtman M;Carniel E;Bramanti B
从公元1347年到公元1353年，黑死病在欧洲杀死了数千万人，留下了痛苦和破坏，连续的流行病肆虐欧洲大陆，直到世纪。这种疾病的病因仍然存在很大的争议，从基于遗传学和历史症状描述的说法，它是由鼠疫耶尔森氏菌引起的，到它必须由其他病原体引起的结论。北方和南欧的鼠疫是否有相同的病因也一直存在争议。在这里，我们确定了Y的DNA和蛋白质特征。在考古学上与黑死病和随后的复活有关的北方、中部和南部欧洲乱葬坑中的人类骨骼中发现了鼠疫。我们确认Y.鼠疫在四个世纪的时间里导致了黑死病和后来在整个欧洲大陆的流行病。此外，在17个单核苷酸多态性加上glpD基因缺失的基础上，我们的aDNA结果鉴定了两个以前未知但相关的Y分支。与中世纪万人坑有关的瘟疫这些发现表明，鼠疫曾两次或多次传入欧洲，每次都遵循不同的路线。这两个分支是Y.东方型和中世纪型鼠疫菌。我们的研究结果澄清了黑死病的病因，并提供了一个范例，详细的历史重建的感染途径，其次是这种疾病。历史上的几次鼠疫流行波都被归因于鼠疫耶尔森氏菌，现代鼠疫的病原体。其中最著名的是第二次大流行，从公元1347年到1750年活跃在欧洲，并以“黑死病”开始。确定这些古代感染的病因学性质的最有信息量的方法应该是对古代DNA的分析，但这种方法的结果一直存在争议。在这里，通过结合古DNA分析和蛋白质特异性检测，我们明确地证明，Y。鼠疫导致了黑死病此外，我们还证明了Y.鼠疫在第二次大流行期间在欧洲蔓延。对多达20个诊断标记的分析表明，这两个变体在系统发育分支1和2分离的时间附近进化，可能不再存在。因此，我们的研究结果解决了关于黑死病病因的长期争论，并提供了有关中世纪鼠疫杆菌进化和疾病传播的关键信息。
From AD 1347 to AD 1353, the Black Death killed tens of millions of people in Europe, leaving misery and devastation in its wake, with successive epidemics ravaging the continent until the 18th century. The etiology of this disease has remained highly controversial, ranging from claims based on genetics and the historical descriptions of symptoms that it was caused by Yersinia pestis to conclusions that it must have been caused by other pathogens. It has also been disputed whether plague had the same etiology in northern and southern Europe. Here we identified DNA and protein signatures specific for Y. pestis in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences. We confirm that Y. pestis caused the Black Death and later epidemics on the entire European continent over the course of four centuries. Furthermore, on the basis of 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms plus the absence of a deletion in glpD gene, our aDNA results identified two previously unknown but related clades of Y. pestis associated with distinct medieval mass graves. These findings suggest that plague was imported to Europe on two or more occasions, each following a distinct route. These two clades are ancestral to modern isolates of Y. pestis biovars Orientalis and Medievalis. Our results clarify the etiology of the Black Death and provide a paradigm for a detailed historical reconstruction of the infection routes followed by this disease. Several historical epidemic waves of plague have been attributed to Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of modern plague. The most famous of these was the second pandemic which was active in Europe from AD 1347 until 1750, and began with the ‘Black Death’. The most informative method to establish the etiological nature of these ancient infections should be the analysis of ancient DNA, but the results of this method have been controversial. Here, by combining ancient DNA analyses and protein-specific detection, we demonstrate unambiguously that Y. pestis caused the Black Death. Furthermore, we show that at least two variants of Y. pestis spread over Europe during the second pandemic. The analysis of up to 20 diagnostic markers reveals that the two variants evolved near the time that phylogenetic branches 1 and 2 separated and may no longer exist. Our results thus resolve a long-standing debate about the etiology of the Black Death and provide key information about the evolution of the plague bacillus and the spread of the disease during the Middle Ages.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.95.21.12637
发表时间：
1998-10-13
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Drancourt, M;Aboudharam, G;Raoult, D
通讯作者：
Raoult, D
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0408026101
发表时间：
2004-12-21
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Achtman, M;Morelli, G;Keim, P
通讯作者：
Keim, P
影响因子：
168.9
作者：
Chanteau, S;Rahalison, L;Nato, A
通讯作者：
Nato, A
影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Drancourt M;Signoli M;Dang LV;Bizot B;Roux V;Tzortzis S;Raoult D
通讯作者：
Raoult D
影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Drancourt M;Roux V;Dang LV;Tran-Hung L;Castex D;Chenal-Francisque V;Ogata H;Fournier PE;Crubézy E;Raoult D
通讯作者：
Raoult D