Demasculinization and feminization of male gonads by atrazine: consistent effects across vertebrate classes.
Demasculinization and feminization of male gonads by atrazine: consistent effects across vertebrate classes.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.03.015
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发表时间：
2011-10
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Willingham, Emily
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hayes, Tyrone B.;Anderson, Lloyd L.;Beasley, Val R.;de Solla, Shane R.;Iguchi, Taisen;Ingraham, Holly;Kestemont, Patrick;Kniewald, Jasna;Kniewald, Zlatko;Langlois, Valerie S.;Luque, Enrique H.;McCoy, Krista A.;Munoz-de-Toro, Monica;Oka, Tomohiro;Oliveira, Cleida A.;Orton, Frances;Ruby, Sylvia;Suzawa, Miyuki;Tavera-Mendoza, Luz E.;Trudeau, Vance L.;Victor-Costa, Anna Bolivar;Willingham, Emily
阿特拉津是地下水、地表水和降水中最常见的农药污染物。阿特拉津也是一种内分泌干扰物，当动物在发育过程中接触阿特拉津时，除其他影响外，会改变雄性生殖组织。在这里，我们应用九个所谓的“希尔标准”（强度，一致性，特异性，时间性，生物梯度，似然性，连贯性，实验和类比）建立因果关系，以检查阿特拉津作为内分泌干扰物，使雄性脊椎动物的性腺去男性化和女性化的证据。我们目前的实验证据表明，阿特拉津对男性发育的影响是一致的所有脊椎动物类检查，我们提出了一个国家的最先进的阿特拉津作为内分泌干扰物产生这些影响的机制摘要。阿特拉津使硬骨鱼、两栖动物、爬行动物和哺乳动物的雄性性腺去雄性化，产生睾丸病变，并导致鱼类、两栖动物和爬行动物部分和/或完全雌性化。这些影响很强（统计学显著），在脊椎动物类别中一致，并且具有特异性。雄激素水平的降低和雌激素合成的诱导-在鱼类，两栖动物，爬行动物和哺乳动物中得到证实-代表了解释这些效应的合理和连贯的机制。在所引用的几项研究中观察到了生物梯度，尽管阈值剂量和模式因物种而异。鉴于所有这些实验研究中描述的对雄性性腺的影响仅发生在阿特拉津暴露之后，因此此处也符合时间性。因此，阿特拉津作为一种内分泌干扰物，使雄性脊椎动物去雄性化和雌性化，符合所有九项“希尔标准”。
Atrazine is the most commonly detected pesticide contaminant of ground water, surface water, and precipitation. Atrazine is also an endocrine disruptor that, among other effects, alters male reproductive tissues when animals are exposed during development. Here, we apply the nine so-called “Hill criteria” (Strength, Consistency, Specificity, Temporality, Biological Gradient, Plausibility, Coherence, Experiment, and Analogy) for establishing cause–effect relationships to examine the evidence for atrazine as an endocrine disruptor that demasculinizes and feminizes the gonads of male vertebrates. We present experimental evidence that the effects of atrazine on male development are consistent across all vertebrate classes examined and we present a state of the art summary of the mechanisms by which atrazine acts as an endocrine disruptor to produce these effects. Atrazine demasculinizes male gonads producing testicular lesions associated with reduced germ cell numbers in teleost fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, and induces partial and/or complete feminization in fish, amphibians, and reptiles. These effects are strong (statistically significant), consistent across vertebrate classes, and specific. Reductions in androgen levels and the induction of estrogen synthesis – demonstrated in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals – represent plausible and coherent mechanisms that explain these effects. Biological gradients are observed in several of the cited studies, although threshold doses and patterns vary among species. Given that the effects on the male gonads described in all of these experimental studies occurred only after atrazine exposure, temporality is also met here. Thus the case for atrazine as an endocrine disruptor that demasculinizes and feminizes male vertebrates meets all nine of the “Hill criteria”.
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影响因子：
3.6
作者：
Foradori, Chad D.;Hinds, Laura R.;Handa, Robert J.
通讯作者：
Handa, Robert J.
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Fenelon, JM;Moore, RC
通讯作者：
Moore, RC
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Brodkin, Marc A.;Madhoun, Hareth;Vatnick, Itzick
通讯作者：
Vatnick, Itzick
影响因子：
3.8
作者：
Cooper, RL;Stoker, TE;McElroy, WK
通讯作者：
McElroy, WK
影响因子：
4.5
作者：
Alvarez, MD;Fuiman, LA
通讯作者：
Fuiman, LA