Maternal effects on male weaponry: female dung beetles produce major sons with longer horns when they perceive higher population density.
Maternal effects on male weaponry: female dung beetles produce major sons with longer horns when they perceive higher population density.
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母体对雄性武器的影响：当雌性粪甲虫感知到较高的种群密度时，它们会产生具有更长角的大儿子。
DOI：
10.1186/1471-2148-12-118
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发表时间：
2012-07-23
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Simmons LW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Buzatto BA;Tomkins JL;Simmons LW
母体效应是指环境对个体表现型的影响，这种影响是由于其母亲的基因表达造成的，每当雌性比后代自己更有能力评估其后代将经历的环境条件时，这种影响就会进化。在屎壳虫Onthophagus taurus中，有条件的雄性二态性与不同的繁殖策略有关：大的战斗和保护雌性，而小的偷偷摸摸地交配。此外，蜣螂种群密度的变化对每种雄性形态有不同的适应度结果，理论预测，较高的种群密度可能会选择更高频率的未成年和/或更大的武器开支。由于成年蜣螂为其后代的发育提供了所有的营养资源，因此母性效应强烈地影响了雄性的表型。在这里，我们测试了雌性金牛座金牛是否能够感知种群密度，并通过改变后代的表型来做出反应。我们发现，在预交配期与其他同种动物一起饲养的母亲所产生的主要后代比在预交配期单独饲养的雌性的主要后代有更长的角和更大的体型范围。此外，我们的研究结果表明，这种母性对雄性武器的影响不是通过雌性提供给后代的粪便数量来实现的，而是通过卵或后代的质量组成来传播的。最后，虽然理论预测，经历更高密度的雌性可能会产生更多的小雄性，但我们没有发现支持这一点，而是最好的拟合模型是模棱两可的，即是否产生了更少或相同比例的小雄性。我们的研究描述了蜣螂的一种新的母性效应，这种效应可能允许雌性对种群密度做出适应性反应，至少为它们的主要后代做好准备，以应对它们未来将面临的性竞争。这种新型的母性效应在蜣螂中代表了一种新的跨代生殖策略对种群密度的反应。
Maternal effects are environmental influences on the phenotype of one individual that are due to the expression of genes in its mother, and are expected to evolve whenever females are better capable of assessing the environmental conditions that their offspring will experience than the offspring themselves. In the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus, conditional male dimorphism is associated with alternative reproductive tactics: majors fight and guard females whereas minors sneak copulations. Furthermore, variation in dung beetle population density has different fitness consequences for each male morph, and theory predicts that higher population density might select for a higher frequency of minors and/or greater expenditure on weaponry in majors. Because adult dung beetles provide offspring with all the nutritional resources for their development, maternal effects strongly influence male phenotype. Here we tested whether female O. taurus are capable of perceiving population density, and responding by changing the phenotype of their offspring. We found that mothers who were reared with other conspecifics in their pre-mating period produced major offspring that had longer horns across a wider range of body sizes than the major offspring of females that were reared in isolation in their pre-mating period. Moreover, our results indicate that this maternal effect on male weaponry does not operate through the amount of dung provided by females to their offspring, but is rather transmitted through egg or brood mass composition. Finally, although theory predicts that females experiencing higher density might produce more minor males, we found no support for this, rather the best fitting models were equivocal as to whether fewer or the same proportions of minors were produced. Our study describes a new type of maternal effect in dung beetles, which probably allows females to respond to population density adaptively, preparing at least their major offspring for the sexual competition they will face in the future. This new type of maternal effect in dung beetles represents a novel transgenerational response of alternative reproductive tactics to population density.
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2007.0007
发表时间：
2008-05-12
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Groothuis, Ton. G. G.;Schwabl, Hubert
通讯作者：
Schwabl, Hubert
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Hunt, J;Simmons, LW
通讯作者：
Simmons, LW
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Hunt, J;Simmons, LW
通讯作者：
Simmons, LW
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511542602.006
发表时间：
2008-01-01
期刊：
ALTERNATIVE REPRODUCTIVE TACTICS: AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH
影响因子：
--
作者：
Emlen, Douglas J.
通讯作者：
Emlen, Douglas J.
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Iwata, Yoko;Sakurai, Yasunori
通讯作者：
Sakurai, Yasunori