Memory and surprisal in human sentence comprehension

Memory and surprisal in human sentence comprehension
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人类句子理解中的记忆和惊讶

DOI:
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发表时间:
2013
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影响因子:
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通讯作者:
R. Levy
R. Levy
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作者:
R. Levy

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洪堡曾将语言描述为一个规则系统,它“无限地使用有限的手段”(Humboldt,1836; Chomsky,1965),这在语言理解的研究中是双重正确的。一方面,理解者的语言知识必须被定性:大脑本身作为一个计算设备是有限的,理解者对母语的经验也是有限的。因此,理解是一种概括的行为:理解者必须运用从其一生的语言经验中收集的知识来分析一个新句子,并推断说话者可能想要表达的意思。这种分析的需要产生了第二种意义,在这种意义上,洪堡的格言是正确的:为了在真实的时间内理解一个句子,理解者必须利用她有限的认知资源来分析潜在的无限复杂性的输入。这些真理在语言理解过程中的句子结构决定中最为明显,如下面的(1)。在你继续阅读之前,花尽可能多的时间来充分理解这句话,在阅读的同时,思考一下你觉得这句话有什么困难,你甚至可以写下你对它的困难的思考,这样当你读到这一章的结尾时,你就可以提醒自己。
Humboldt famously described language as a system of rules which “makes infinite use of finite means” (Humboldt, 1836; Chomsky, 1965) and this is doubly true in the study of language comprehension. On the one hand, the comprehender’s knowledge of language must be finitely characterized: the brain itself as a computational device is finite, as is the comprehender’s experience of her native language. Hence understanding is an act of generalization: the comprehender must apply the knowledge gleaned from her lifetime of previous linguistic experience to analyze a new sentence and infer what the speaker is likely to have intended to mean. This need for analysis gives rise to the second sense in which Humboldt’s aphorism is true: to understand a sentence in real time the comprehender must deploy her limited cognitive resources to analyze input that is potentially unbounded in its complexity. Nowhere are these truths more evident than in the determination of sentence structure during language comprehension, as in (1) below. Before you go on reading, take as much time as you need to fully understand this sentence, and while you are doing so, reflect upon what you find difficult about it. You may even want to write down your reflections on its difficulty so that you can remind yourself of them once you reach the end of the chapter.
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