The skin as an immune organ.
The skin as an immune organ.
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皮肤作为免疫器官。
DOI:
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发表时间:
1994
期刊:
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
J. Ansel
中科院分区:
文献类型:
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作者:
J. K. Salmon;Cheryl A. Armstrong;J. Ansel
As a protective interface between internal organs and the environment, the skin encounters a host of toxins, pathogenic organisms, and physical stresses. To combat these attacks on the cutaneous microenvironment, the skin functions as more than a physical barrier: it is an active immune organ. Immune responses in the skin involve an armamentarium of immune-competent cells and soluble biologic response modifiers including cytokines. Traversed by a network of lymphatic and blood vessels, the dermis contains most of the lymphocytes in the skin, other migrant leukocytes, mast cells, and tissue macrophages. Although the epidermis has no direct access to the blood or lymphatic circulation, it is equipped with immune-competent cells: Langerhans cells, the macrophage-like antigen-presenting cells of the epidermis; keratinocytes, epithelial cells with immune properties; dendritic epidermal T lymphocytes, resident cells that may serve as a primitive T-cell immune surveillance system; epidermotropic lymphocytes, migrants from vessels in the dermis; and melanocytes, epidermal pigment cells with immune properties. Although the components of the epidermis and dermis work in concert to execute immune responses in the skin, for purposes of this review, we focus on the cells and cytokines of the epidermal immunologic unit, the frontline of immune protection against environmental toxins and microbes.
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DOI:
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发表时间:
1989
期刊:
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
影响因子:
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作者:
Belsito,DV;Epstein,SP;Schultz,JM;Baer,RL;Thorbecke,GJ
通讯作者:
Thorbecke,GJ
DOI:
--
发表时间:
1990
期刊:
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
影响因子:
--
作者:
Welsh,EA;Kripke,ML
通讯作者:
Kripke,ML
DOI:
10.1073/pnas.88.10.4220
发表时间:
1991-05-01
影响因子:
11.1
作者:
WALSH, LJ;TRINCHIERI, G;MURPHY, GF
通讯作者:
MURPHY, GF
DOI:
10.1016/0022-202x(89)90193-0
发表时间:
1989-05
期刊:
The Journal of investigative dermatology
影响因子:
--
作者:
Kay H. Singer;Debbi T. Tuck;Hugh A. Sampson;Russell P. Hall
通讯作者:
Kay H. Singer;Debbi T. Tuck;Hugh A. Sampson;Russell P. Hall
DOI:
10.1111/1523-1747.ep12463290
发表时间:
1988
期刊:
The Journal of investigative dermatology
影响因子:
--
作者:
Nixon-Fulton,JL;HackettJr,J;Bergstresser,PR;Kumar,V;Tigelaar,RE
通讯作者:
Tigelaar,RE