Selection of mosquito life-histories: a hidden weapon against malaria?
Selection of mosquito life-histories: a hidden weapon against malaria?
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DOI：
10.1186/1475-2875-11-106
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发表时间：
2012-04-03
期刊：
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Smith TA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ferguson HM;Maire N;Takken W;Lyimo IN;Briët O;Lindsay SW;Smith TA
最近，非洲大部分地区的疟疾发病率大幅下降。虽然这种下降显然与大多数情况下蚊子病媒控制干预措施的覆盖率增加和有效药物治疗有关，但这种普遍的减少提出了一种可能性，即额外的生态和相关的进化变化可能以以前未曾预料到的方式加强了当前病媒控制战略的有效性。这里的假设是，杀虫剂处理过的蚊帐和其他病媒控制方法的覆盖范围不断扩大，可能推动了蚊子生活史转变的选择，从而降低了它们传播疟疾寄生虫的能力。具体来说，假设这些干预措施通过大幅增加病媒种群的外部死亡率，为蚊子创造了一种健康激励，使它们以牺牲长期生存为代价，将资源重新分配给更大的短期繁殖。由于疟疾传播从根本上依赖于蚊子的生存，生活史朝这个方向的转变将极大地有利于控制。目前，在自然病媒种群中直接评估这一假设提出了一些后勤和方法上的挑战。与此同时，从之前对野生果蝇种群的研究中可以获得许多见解。对这些生物进行的长期选择实验表明，与扩大病媒控制措施所预期的幅度相似的外在死亡率的增加导致了它们内在死亡率的增加。虽然这一增幅很小，但按蚊媒介种群中类似幅度的变化预计将使疟疾传播减少80%。这里提出的假设提醒我们，针对疾病媒介的干预所引起的进化过程可能并不总是起到中和干预效果的作用。在寻求新的干预战略时，应考虑到实施这些战略所产生的进化过程的潜在缺点和优点，并设法利用那些最有可能加强控制的因素。
There has recently been a substantial decline in malaria incidence in much of Africa. While the decline can clearly be linked to increasing coverage of mosquito vector control interventions and effective drug treatment in most settings, the ubiquity of reduction raises the possibility that additional ecological and associated evolutionary changes may be reinforcing the effectiveness of current vector control strategies in previously unanticipated ways. Here it is hypothesized that the increasing coverage of insecticide-treated bed nets and other vector control methods may be driving selection for a shift in mosquito life history that reduces their ability to transmit malaria parasites. Specifically it is hypothesized that by substantially increasing the extrinsic rate of mortality experienced in vector populations, these interventions are creating a fitness incentive for mosquitoes to re-allocate their resources towards greater short-term reproduction at the expense of longer-term survival. As malaria transmission is fundamentally dependent on mosquito survival, a life history shift in this direction would greatly benefit control. At present, direct evaluation of this hypothesis within natural vector populations presents several logistical and methodological challenges. In the meantime, many insights can be gained from research previously conducted on wild Drosophila populations. Long-term selection experiments on these organisms suggest that increasing extrinsic mortality by a magnitude similar to that anticipated from the up-scaling of vector control measures generated an increase in their intrinsic mortality rate. Although this increase was small, a change of similar magnitude in Anopheles vector populations would be predicted to reduce malaria transmission by 80%. The hypothesis presented here provides a reminder that evolutionary processes induced by interventions against disease vectors may not always act to neutralize intervention effectiveness. In the search for new intervention strategies, consideration should be given to both the potential disadvantages and advantages of evolutionary processes resulting from their implementation, and attempts made to exploit those with greatest potential to enhance control.
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