Sex differences in microglial appetites during development: Inferences and implications.
Sex differences in microglial appetites during development: Inferences and implications.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.010
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发表时间：
2017-08
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Bilbo SD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bilbo SD
即使不是所有的神经性疾病，也有大多数在其发病率、表现或病理进展上表现出一定程度的性别偏见。例如，自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)、学习障碍、注意力缺陷障碍和早发性精神分裂症在男性中更常见，而抑郁、焦虑、厌食和阿尔茨海默病在女性中更常见。乍一看，男女之间的疾病聚集性似乎没有什么共同之处；然而，仔细观察就会发现，它们显然是按时间区分的--也就是说，在生命早期出现的疾病在男性中更常见，而在生活后期(青春期或以后)出现的疾病在女性中更常见。这一模式是一条令人信服的线索，揭示了在科学研究和临床实践中相对被忽视的神经疾病的起源和病理生理学。我们忽视这一线索是危险的，因为在ASD等异质性疾病中，个体的性别可能是所有变量中最具预测性的变量，这强烈表明个体的性别在疾病背后的神经生物学中至关重要。小胶质细胞是大脑的常驻免疫细胞，与多种神经疾病的神经病理有关。这些动态细胞也因其在正常脑发育和功能中的关键作用而被很好地描述，超出宿主防御或伤口修复，包括吞噬外来突触和凋亡细胞，以及在学习依赖突触形成、皮质连接和神经元生存中的作用(见(Prince z和Priller，2014；Schafer和Stevens，2015)。小胶质细胞发育功能的损害--主要表现为对选定基因的遗传操作--可能会对大脑连通性和行为产生不利影响(詹其雄等人，2014)，从而导致疾病风险。
Most if not all neurological disorders exhibit some degree of sex bias in their incidence, presentation, or pathologic progression. For instance, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), learning disabilities, attention deficit disorder, and early-onset schizophrenia are more common in males, whereas depression, anxiety, anorexia, and Alzheimer’s disease are more common in females. At first glance the clustering of disorders within each sex appear to have little in common; however, upon closer inspection it is clear they segregate by timing–that is, disorders that emerge early in life are more common in males, whereas disorders that emerge later in life (at adolescence or beyond) are more common in females. This pattern is a compelling clue into the origin and pathophysiology of neurological disorders that has been relatively ignored in scientific research and in clinical practice. We ignore this clue at our peril, given that in heterogeneous disorders such as ASD, the sex of the individual is perhaps the most predictive variable of all, which strongly suggests the sex of an individual is critical in the neurobiology underlying the disorder.Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain that are implicated in the neuropathology of multiple neurological disorders. These dynamic cells are also well characterized for their critical roles in normal brain development and function, beyond host defense or wound repair, including the phagocytosis of extraneous synapses and apoptotic cells, and roles in learning dependent synapse formation, cortical wiring, and neuronal survival (see (Prinz and Priller, 2014; Schafer and Stevens, 2015) for review). Impairment of the developmental functions of microglia–demonstrated primarily via genetic manipulations of select genes-can adversely impact brain connectivity and behavior (Zhan et al., 2014), and thus disease risk.
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DOI：
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发表时间：
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期刊：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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期刊：
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