Characterization of chemical contaminants generated by a desktop fused deposition modeling 3-dimensional Printer.
Characterization of chemical contaminants generated by a desktop fused deposition modeling 3-dimensional Printer.
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DOI：
10.1080/15459624.2017.1302589
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发表时间：
2017-07
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Virji MA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stefaniak AB;LeBouf RF;Yi J;Ham J;Nurkewicz T;Schwegler-Berry DE;Chen BT;Wells JR;Duling MG;Lawrence RB;Martin SB Jr;Johnson AR;Virji MA
众所周知，打印设备会向室内空气中排放化学物质。了解影响打印机释放化学污染物的因素对于制定有效的暴露评估和控制策略是必要的。在本研究中，在0.5立方米的室内对一台使用丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)或聚乳酸(PLA)灯丝的台式熔融沉积建模(FDM)三维(3D)打印机和两台单色激光打印机进行了评估。在打印过程中，使用实时光电离化检测器(结果以异丁烯当量表示)来监测室内空气中的蒸汽，以测量总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)浓度，通过离线气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)分析真空罐来识别特定的VOCs，并使用液体鼓泡器通过GC-MS来识别羰基化合物。空气中的颗粒物被收集在过滤器上进行离线分析，使用带有能量色散X射线探测器的扫描电子显微镜来识别元素成分。对于3D打印，TVOC发射率受打印机故障、灯丝类型的影响，在较小程度上受灯丝颜色的影响；然而，TVOC发射率不受使用的打印机喷嘴数量或制造商提供的盖子的影响。3D打印机的TVOC发射率(49-3552μg h−1)明显低于激光打印机(5782-7735μg h−1)。在3D打印过程中共发现了14种在激光打印过程中不存在的VOCs。3D打印的物体继续释放出苯乙烯的气体，这表明在打印作业完成后可能会继续暴露。3-D打印机的排放物可能生成了包括4-氧正戊醛在内的羰基反应产物。使用ABS的3D打印机和激光打印机产生的超细颗粒含有铬。在设计暴露评估和控制策略时，应考虑影响FDM3-D打印机释放化学污染物(包括已知和可疑的哮喘物质，如苯乙烯和4-氧戊醛)的因素。
Printing devices are known to emit chemicals into the indoor atmosphere. Understanding factors that influence release of chemical contaminants from printers is necessary to develop effective exposure assessment and control strategies. In this study, a desktop fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3-dimensional (3-D) printer using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polylactic acid (PLA) filaments and two monochrome laser printers were evaluated in a 0.5 m3 chamber. During printing, chamber air was monitored for vapors using a real-time photoionization detector (results expressed as isobutylene equivalents) to measure total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations, evacuated canisters to identify specific VOCs by off-line gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, and liquid bubblers to identify carbonyl compounds by GC-MS. Airborne particles were collected on filters for off-line analysis using scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive x-ray detector to identify elemental constituents. For 3-D printing, TVOC emission rates were influenced by a printer malfunction, filament type, and to a lesser extent, by filament color; however, rates were not influenced by the number of printer nozzles used or the manufacturer’s provided cover. TVOC emission rates were significantly lower for the 3-D printer (49–3552 μg h−1) compared to the laser printers (5782–7735 μg h−1). A total of 14 VOCs were identified during 3-D printing that were not present during laser printing. 3-D printed objects continued to off-gas styrene, indicating potential for continued exposure after the print job is completed. Carbonyl reaction products were likely formed from emissions of the 3-D printer, including 4-oxopentanal. Ultrafine particles generated by the 3-D printer using ABS and a laser printer contained chromium. Consideration of the factors that influenced the release of chemical contaminants (including known and suspected asthmagens such as styrene and 4-oxopentanal) from a FDM 3-D printer should be made when designing exposure assessment and control strategies.
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影响因子：
4.9
作者：
Jarvis, J;Seed, MJ;Agius, RM
通讯作者：
Agius, RM
DOI：
10.1080/15287390903232467
发表时间：
2009
期刊：
Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A
影响因子：
--
作者：
LeBlanc AJ;Cumpston JL;Chen BT;Frazer D;Castranova V;Nurkiewicz TR
通讯作者：
Nurkiewicz TR
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Azimi, Parham;Zhao, Dan;Stephens, Brent
通讯作者：
Stephens, Brent
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Barthel, Mathias;Pedan, Vasilisa;Seeger, Stefan
通讯作者：
Seeger, Stefan
影响因子：
--
作者：
FORREST, MJ;JOLLY, AM;RICHARDS, SJ
通讯作者：
RICHARDS, SJ