To shape a cell: an inquiry into the causes of morphogenesis of microorganisms.
To shape a cell: an inquiry into the causes of morphogenesis of microorganisms.
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塑造细胞：探究微生物形态发生的原因。
DOI：
10.1128/mr.54.4.381-431.1990
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发表时间：
1990
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Harold,FM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Harold,FM
我们首先通过它们的形式来认识生物体，但它们如何生长和塑造自己在很大程度上仍然是我们无法理解的。本文的目的是综述作为细胞遗传、生物化学、生理和组织方面的一系列问题的壁状真核微生物的形态发生学。尽管微生物的形态和习性各不相同，但仍然可以看出一些共同的原则。(I)几乎所有人都认为每个有机体的形式代表了一种遗传程序的表达是理所当然的。然而，对形态异常突变的发现进行反思表明，遗传程序的比喻具有误导性。细胞形态是由相互作用的化学和物理过程网络产生的，其每一条链都由多个基因产物编织而成。基因和形式之间的关系是间接的和累积的；因此，形态发生必须被视为一个不是分子遗传学而是细胞生理学的问题。(Ii)有壁细胞的形状由生长和发育过程中壁的铺设方式决定。通常情况下，膨胀压力可能总是提供表面扩大的驱动力。细胞通过局部的、可控制的壁合成屈服于这种标量力；它们的形式代表了局部顺应全球力这一主题的变化。(Iii)细菌的生长和分裂最直接地表现出静水压力、局部壁面合成和结构限制的相互作用。科赫的表面应力理论为理解细菌形状提供了一个全面和定量的框架。(4)在更大和更多功能的真核细胞中，扩张是由小泡的分泌调节的。分泌和辅助过程，如细胞质运输，在微米尺度上是空间组织的。通过真菌菌丝的顶端生长、酵母菌的芽形成、岩藻合子的萌发以及Nitella、Closterium和其他单细胞藻类细胞的发育等例子说明了载体生理学及其产生的形式的多样性。(V)单细胞生物，不亚于胚胎，在有或没有方向性线索的帮助下，具有将空间秩序强加给自己的非凡能力。本文从形态起源、梯度和场的理论探索，以及菌丝细胞极化、菌丝尖端延伸和纤毛虫模式形成的实验研究两个方面对自组织进行了综述。这就是问题的核心，然而自组织仍然像一个世纪前一样神秘，是一个寻找范式的主题。
We recognize organisms first and foremost by their forms, but how they grow and shape themselves still largely passes understanding. The objective of this article is to survey what has been learned of morphogenesis of walled eucaryotic microorganisms as a set of problems in cellular heredity, biochemistry, physiology, and organization. Despite the diversity of microbial forms and habits, some common principles can be discerned. (i) That the form of each organism represents the expression of a genetic program is almost universally taken for granted. However, reflection on the findings with morphologically aberrant mutants suggests that the metaphor of a genetic program is misleading. Cellular form is generated by a web of interacting chemical and physical processes, whose every strand is woven of multiple gene products. The relationship between genes and form is indirect and cumulative; therefore, morphogenesis must be addressed as a problem not of molecular genetics but of cellular physiology. (ii) The shape of walled cells is determined by the manner in which the wall is laid down during growth and development. Turgor pressure commonly, perhaps always, supplies the driving force for surface enlargement. Cells yield to this scalar force by localized, controlled wall synthesis; their forms represent variations on the theme of local compliance with global force. (iii) Growth and division in bacteria display most immediately the interplay of hydrostatic pressure, localized wall synthesis, and structural constraints. Koch's surface stress theory provides a comprehensive and quantitative framework for understanding bacterial shapes. (iv) In the larger and more versatile eucaryotic cells, expansion is mediated by the secretion of vesicles. Secretion and ancillary processes, such as cytoplasmic transport, are spatially organized on the micrometer scale. The diversity of vectorial physiology and of the forms it generates is illustrated by examples: apical growth of fungal hyphae, bud formation in yeasts, germination of fucoid zygotes, and development of cells of Nitella, Closterium, and other unicellular algae. (v) Unicellular organisms, no less than embryos, have a remarkable capacity to impose spatial order upon themselves with or without the help of directional cues. Self-organization is reviewed here from two perspectives: the theoretical exploration of morphogens, gradients, and fields, and experimental study of polarization in Fucus cells, extension of hyphal tips, and pattern formation in ciliates. Here is the heart of the matter, yet self-organization remains nearly as mysterious as it was a century ago, a subject in search of a paradigm.
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酿酒酵母中酸性磷酸酶的定位：细胞壁形成的线索
影响因子：
3.2
作者：
W. Linnemans;P. Boer;P. Elbers
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趋化性和分支是双性蠹对氨基酸的替代反应。
DOI：
10.1099/00221287-135-9-2519
发表时间：
1989
期刊：
Journal of general microbiology
影响因子：
--
作者：
Schreurs,WJ;Harold,RL;Harold,FM
通讯作者：
Harold,FM
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影响因子：
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作者：
E. McIntosh;R. Ord;R. Storms
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青囊藻的细胞壁结构和沉积
影响因子：
7.8
作者：
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通讯作者：
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双核和多核菌丝丝状真菌细胞骨架的比较免疫细胞化学
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1989
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
V. Salo;S. Niini;I. Virtanen;M. Raudaskoski
通讯作者：
M. Raudaskoski