A role for FoxN3 in the development of cranial cartilages and muscles in Xenopus laevis (Amphibia: Anura: Pipidae) with special emphasis on the novel rostral cartilages
A role for FoxN3 in the development of cranial cartilages and muscles in Xenopus laevis (Amphibia: Anura: Pipidae) with special emphasis on the novel rostral cartilages
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FoxN3 在非洲爪蟾（两栖类：无尾目：Pipidae）颅软骨和肌肉发育中的作用，特别强调新型喙软骨
DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01315.x
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发表时间：
2011
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Olsson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Schmidt;Schuff;Olsson
在进化发育生物学中，形态新奇的起源是一个有争议的话题。无尾两栖类幼虫的头部有几个独特的结构，包括喙上和喙下软骨，鳃篮的特殊结构（用于过滤）和新的颅肌排列。FoxN 3是叉头/翼螺旋转录因子家族的成员，在非洲爪蟾（Xenopus laevis）的正常颅面发育中起重要作用。我们研究了FoxN 3的功能性敲除（使用反义寡核苷酸morpholino）对光滑爪蟾幼虫头部骨骼和相关颅肌发育的影响，我们的数据补充了早期的研究，并提供了一个更完整的解释FoxN 3在软骨颅发育中的需求。此外，我们还分析了FoxN 3基因敲低对颅肌发育的影响。我们表明FoxN 3敲除主要影响无尾两栖动物幼虫特有的新型骨骼结构，即喙或鳃器的精细结构。下喙软骨和美克尔软骨之间的关节畸形，鳃篮的丝状突起不发育。由于这些特征在FoxN 3敲除后不会发展，因此头部形态类似于不太专业的蝾螈幼虫。此外，所有来自神经嵴的软骨发育延迟，颅肌纤维发育不完全。软骨前体最初在其适当的位置凝聚，但后来分化不完全;几个内脏弓肌肉开始在其起源分化，但未能向其插入延伸。我们的研究结果表明，FoxN 3是必不可少的新的软骨，如来自神经嵴和其他颅组织的发展，间接地，也为肌肉形态发生。
The origin of morphological novelties is a controversial topic in evolutionary developmental biology. The heads of anuran larvae have several unique structures, including the supra‐ and infrarostral cartilages, the specialised structure of the gill basket (used for filtration), and novel cranial muscle arrangements. FoxN3, a member of theforkhead/winged helix family of transcription factors, has been implicated as important for normal craniofacial development in the pipid anuranXenopus laevis. We have investigated the effects of functional knockdown of FoxN3 (using antisense oligonucleotide morpholino) on the development of the larval head skeleton and the associated cranial muscles inX. laevis.Our data complement earlier studies and provide a more complete account of the requirement of FoxN3 in chondrocranium development. In addition, we analyse the effects of FoxN3 knockdown on cranial muscle development. We show that FoxN3 knockdown primarily affects the novel skeletal structures unique to anuran larvae, i.e. the rostralia or the fine structure of the gill apparatus. The articulation between the infrarostral and Meckel’s cartilage is malformed and the filigreed processes of the gill basket do not develop. Because these features do not develop after FoxN3 knockdown, the head morphology resembles that in the less specialised larvae of salamanders. Furthermore, the development of all cartilages derived from the neural crest is delayed and cranial muscle fibre development incomplete. The cartilage precursors initially condense in their proper position but later differentiate incompletely; several visceral arch muscles start to differentiate at their origin but fail to extend toward their insertion. Our findings indicate that FoxN3 is essential for the development of novel cartilages such as the infrarostral and other cranial tissues derived from the neural crest and, indirectly, also for muscle morphogenesis.
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