First evidence of mutualism between ancient plant lineages (Haplomitriopsida liverworts) and Mucoromycotina fungi and its response to simulated Palaeozoic changes in atmospheric CO2.
First evidence of mutualism between ancient plant lineages (Haplomitriopsida liverworts) and Mucoromycotina fungi and its response to simulated Palaeozoic changes in atmospheric CO2.
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DOI：
10.1111/nph.13024
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发表时间：
2015-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Pressel S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Field KJ;Rimington WR;Bidartondo MI;Allinson KE;Beerling DJ;Cameron DD;Duckett JG;Leake JR;Pressel S
毛霉亚门（Mucoromycotina）是一个古老的、部分腐生性真菌谱系，它与基底苔类谱系Haplomitriopsida相关联，这一发现使人们对球囊霉门形成唯一的祖先植物-真菌共生的广泛观点产生了怀疑。这种关联是否是互利共生的，以及它的功能如何受到古生代植物陆生化后大气CO2浓度下降的影响，仍然是未知的。我们测量了碳营养交换Haplomitriopsida苔类和毛霉亚门真菌模拟中古生（1500 ppm）和近当代（440 ppm）的CO2浓度下使用同位素示踪剂，并分析了植物真菌相互作用的细胞学差异。与此同时，我们培养的两个合作伙伴axenically，再合成的协会在体外，其细胞学特征。我们表明，苔毛霉亚门共生是互利共生和菌根样，但不同的苔Glomeromycota共生在维持跨CO2浓度的合作伙伴之间的碳营养交换的功能效率。接种无菌植物与毛霉亚门引起的主要细胞学变化，影响植物组织的解剖结构，类似于在野生收集的植物中观察到的定植毛霉亚门真菌。通过展示互惠交换的碳营养伙伴之间，我们的研究结果提供支持毛霉亚门建立最早的互惠共生与陆地植物。由于共生的功能效率没有受到影响，减少二氧化碳，我们认为，其他因素导致了现代优势的球囊菌共生。
The discovery that Mucoromycotina, an ancient and partially saprotrophic fungal lineage, associates with the basal liverwort lineage Haplomitriopsida casts doubt on the widely held view that Glomeromycota formed the sole ancestral plant–fungus symbiosis. Whether this association is mutualistic, and how its functioning was affected by the fall in atmospheric CO2 concentration that followed plant terrestrialization in the Palaeozoic, remains unknown. We measured carbon-for-nutrient exchanges between Haplomitriopsida liverworts and Mucoromycotina fungi under simulated mid-Palaeozoic (1500 ppm) and near-contemporary (440 ppm) CO2 concentrations using isotope tracers, and analysed cytological differences in plant–fungal interactions. Concomitantly, we cultured both partners axenically, resynthesized the associations in vitro, and characterized their cytology. We demonstrate that liverwort–Mucoromycotina symbiosis is mutualistic and mycorrhiza-like, but differs from liverwort–Glomeromycota symbiosis in maintaining functional efficiency of carbon-for-nutrient exchange between partners across CO2 concentrations. Inoculation of axenic plants with Mucoromycotina caused major cytological changes affecting the anatomy of plant tissues, similar to that observed in wild-collected plants colonized by Mucoromycotina fungi. By demonstrating reciprocal exchange of carbon for nutrients between partners, our results provide support for Mucoromycotina establishing the earliest mutualistic symbiosis with land plants. As symbiotic functional efficiency was not compromised by reduced CO2, we suggest that other factors led to the modern predominance of the Glomeromycota symbiosis.
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