Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness.
Awakening is not a metaphor: the effects of Buddhist meditation practices on basic wakefulness.
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DOI：
10.1111/nyas.12279
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发表时间：
2014-01
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Goldman RE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Britton WB;Lindahl JR;Cahn BR;Davis JH;Goldman RE
佛教冥想练习已成为科学和医学界广泛关注的话题。传统的佛教表述将冥想描述为一种放松的警觉状态，必须防止过度兴奋（不安）和过度低度兴奋（困倦、睡眠）。冥想的现代应用强调了低唤醒和放松的效果，而不是强调唤醒或提高警觉的效果。为了平衡证明佛教冥想的放松和唤醒作用的大量数据，这篇跨学科综述旨在通过佛教文献来源和科学研究（包括清醒、冥想和睡眠期间的主观、行为和神经影像学研究）提供冥想的唤醒或促进唤醒作用的证据。讨论了可能影响冥想是否增加或减少觉醒的因素，特别强调剂量、专业知识和冥想轨迹。冥想进展的过程表明了一个非线性的多相轨迹，因此早期阶段更加努力可能会产生更多的疲劳和睡眠倾向，而后期阶段由于神经可塑性变化和更有效的处理而产生更大的清醒度。
Buddhist meditation practices have become a topic of widespread interest in both science and medicine. Traditional Buddhist formulations describe meditation as a state of relaxed alertness that must guard against both excessive hyperarousal (restlessness) and excessive hypoarousal (drowsiness, sleep). Modern applications of meditation have emphasized the hypoarousing and relaxing effects without as much emphasis on the arousing or alertness-promoting effects. In an attempt to counterbalance the plethora of data demonstrating the relaxing and hypoarousing effects of Buddhist meditation, this interdisciplinary review aims to provide evidence of meditation’s arousing or wake-promoting effects by drawing both from Buddhist textual sources and from scientific studies, including subjective, behavioral, and neuroimaging studies during wakefulness, meditation, and sleep. Factors that may influence whether meditation increases or decreases arousal are discussed, with particular emphasis on dose, expertise, and contemplative trajectory. The course of meditative progress suggests a nonlinear multiphasic trajectory such that early phases that are more effortful may produce more fatigue and sleep propensity, while later stages produce greater wakefulness as a result of neuroplastic changes and more efficient processing.
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影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Britton, Willoughby B.;Haynes, Patricia L.;Bootzin, Richard R.
通讯作者：
Bootzin, Richard R.
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Briggs, Farran;Mangun, George R.;Usrey, W. Martin
通讯作者：
Usrey, W. Martin
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
BEARY, JF;BENSON, H
通讯作者：
BENSON, H
影响因子：
6.1
作者：
BUCHSBAUM, MS;GILLIN, JC;BUNNEY, WE
通讯作者：
BUNNEY, WE
DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04960.x
发表时间：
2009-01-01
期刊：
LONGEVITY, REGENERATION, AND OPTIMAL HEALTH: INTEGRATING EASTERN AND WESTEN PERSPECTIVES
影响因子：
--
作者：
Bushell, William C.
通讯作者：
Bushell, William C.