Microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment: sources (with a specific focus on personal care products), fate and effects.
Microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial environment: sources (with a specific focus on personal care products), fate and effects.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1186/s12302-015-0069-y
复制
发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
5.9
通讯作者：
Coors A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Duis K;Coors A
由于合成聚合物的广泛使用和耐用性，塑料碎片出现在世界各地的环境中。在目前的工作中，审查了有关水生和陆地环境中微塑料颗粒的来源和归宿以及主要在水生生物中的吸收和影响的信息。环境中的微塑料来自各种来源。通常缺乏关于这些来源相关性的定量信息，但初步估计表明，较大塑料物品和含有合成聚合物的材料的磨损和破碎可能最相关。微塑料被许多水生生物摄入，大多数情况下被迅速排出体外。到目前为止，还没有明确的证据表明存在生物累积或生物放大作用。在实验室研究中，摄入大量微塑料主要导致食物摄入量降低，从而减少能量储备和对其他生理功能的影响。根据评估数据，通过水接触影响海洋生物的最低微塑料浓度远高于海水中测量的水平。在通过沉积物暴露的沙虫中，观察到的影响是在微塑料水平高于潮下带沉积物，但在相同的范围内的最大水平在海滩沉积物。疏水性污染物在微塑料上富集，但现有的实验结果和建模方法表明，微塑料吸附污染物的转移不太可能显著促进这些污染物的生物累积。在能够全面评估微塑料可能造成的环境风险之前，需要填补一些知识空白。然而，鉴于微塑料在环境中的持久性，在一些环境场所测量到的高浓度以及浓度大幅增加的前景，无论是否有环境风险的证据，都应在全球范围内广泛努力减少塑料向环境中的释放。本文的在线版本（doi：10.1186/s12302-015-0069-y）包含补充材料，可供授权用户使用。
Due to the widespread use and durability of synthetic polymers, plastic debris occurs in the environment worldwide. In the present work, information on sources and fate of microplastic particles in the aquatic and terrestrial environment, and on their uptake and effects, mainly in aquatic organisms, is reviewed. Microplastics in the environment originate from a variety of sources. Quantitative information on the relevance of these sources is generally lacking, but first estimates indicate that abrasion and fragmentation of larger plastic items and materials containing synthetic polymers are likely to be most relevant. Microplastics are ingested and, mostly, excreted rapidly by numerous aquatic organisms. So far, there is no clear evidence of bioaccumulation or biomagnification. In laboratory studies, the ingestion of large amounts of microplastics mainly led to a lower food uptake and, consequently, reduced energy reserves and effects on other physiological functions. Based on the evaluated data, the lowest microplastic concentrations affecting marine organisms exposed via water are much higher than levels measured in marine water. In lugworms exposed via sediment, effects were observed at microplastic levels that were higher than those in subtidal sediments but in the same range as maximum levels in beach sediments. Hydrophobic contaminants are enriched on microplastics, but the available experimental results and modelling approaches indicate that the transfer of sorbed pollutants by microplastics is not likely to contribute significantly to bioaccumulation of these pollutants. Prior to being able to comprehensively assess possible environmental risks caused by microplastics a number of knowledge gaps need to be filled. However, in view of the persistence of microplastics in the environment, the high concentrations measured at some environmental sites and the prospective of strongly increasing concentrations, the release of plastics into the environment should be reduced in a broad and global effort regardless of a proof of an environmental risk. The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12302-015-0069-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.
登录
查看更多内容
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
CARPENTER, EJ;SMITH, KL
通讯作者：
SMITH, KL
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Browne, Mark A.;Galloway, Tamara S.;Thompson, Richard C.
通讯作者：
Thompson, Richard C.
DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2008.0205
发表时间：
2009-07-27
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Barnes, David K. A.;Galgani, Francois;Barlaz, Morton
通讯作者：
Barlaz, Morton
影响因子：
9.2
作者：
Browne, Mark Anthony;Niven, Stewart J.;Thompson, Richard C.
通讯作者：
Thompson, Richard C.
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Avio, Carlo Giacomo;Gorbi, Stefania;Regoli, Francesco
通讯作者：
Regoli, Francesco