Potential impacts of wave-powered marine renewable energy installations on marine birds
Potential impacts of wave-powered marine renewable energy installations on marine birds
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波浪动力海洋可再生能源装置对海洋鸟类的潜在影响
DOI：
10.1111/j.1474-919x.2010.01048.x
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
GRECIAN W
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
GRECIAN W
应对气候变化影响的一种潜在方法是扩大可再生能源装置，从而增加波浪动力海洋可再生能源装置（MREI）的数量。对鸟类增加使用这些装置的后果尚不清楚。在这里，我们描述了目前正在运行或正在开发的波浪能发电设备，并回顾了这些设备对海洋鸟类及其栖息地和猎物的潜在威胁和好处。直接的负面影响包括在建造、运营和退役期间发生碰撞、干扰、位移和改变方向的风险。水上碰撞是风力发电设备的一个特别问题，但是，由于它们的低轮廓，与波浪发电设备相关的碰撞风险可能要低得多。相反，波浪装置也构成水下碰撞的新威胁。波浪能发电装置可能会通过改变海洋过程和食物供应来间接影响海鸟，并对营养级联产生影响。通过适当的缓解措施，波浪动力MREIs提供了改善栖息地的潜力。直接的积极影响可能包括提供栖息地，间接的积极影响可能包括由于固着生物体的合适基质或因为它们作为事实上的保护区而导致的猎物聚集。这些措施的累积效果可能是改善和保护海洋鸟类的觅食机会。最近的研究对评估风力发电MREI影响的方法提出了批评，这些方法缺乏足够的样本量，控制或开发前比较。在这里，我们为未来MREI影响研究的设计提出了解决方案。波浪动力MREI肯定会成为海洋环境的一部分，但通过适当的规划，缓解和监测，它们有可能在未来为海洋鸟类带来好处。
One potential approach to combat the impacts of climate change is the expansion of renewable energy installations, leading to an increase in the number of wave‐powered marine renewable energy installations (MREIs). The consequences of increased use of these devices for birds are unknown. Here we describe the wave‐powered energy‐generating devices currently either operational or in development and review the potential threats and benefits of these to marine birds, their habitats and prey. Direct negative effects include risk of collision, disturbance, displacement and redirection during construction, operation and decommissioning. Above‐water collision is a particular concern with wind‐powered devices, but, because of their low profiles, the collision risk associated with wave‐powered devices is likely to be much lower. Conversely, wave devices also pose the novel threat of underwater collision. Wave‐energy‐generating devices may indirectly impact marine birds by altering oceanographic processes and food availability, with implications for trophic cascades. Through appropriate mitigation, wave‐powered MREIs offer the potential to enhance habitats. Direct positive effects may include provision of roosting sites, and indirect positive effects may include prey aggregation due to suitable substrates for sessile organisms or because they act asde factoprotected areas. The cumulative effect of these could be the improvement and protection of foraging opportunities for marine birds. Recent studies have been critical of the methods used in the assessment of wind‐powered MREI impacts, which lack sufficient sample sizes, controls or pre‐development comparisons. Here we suggest solutions for the design of future studies into the effects of MREIs. Wave‐powered MREIs are certain to become part of the marine environment, but with appropriate planning, mitigation and monitoring they have the potential to offer benefits to marine birds in the future.
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