Agro-extractivism and neoliberal conservation: campesino abandonment in the Boyacá páramos, Colombia
Agro-extractivism and neoliberal conservation: campesino abandonment in the Boyacá páramos, Colombia
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农业榨取主义和新自由主义保护：哥伦比亚博亚卡帕拉莫斯地区的农民遗弃
DOI：
10.1016/j.jrurstud.2023.103071
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发表时间：
2023
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Blake L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Blake L
哥伦比亚正处于一个重要的转变之中：在2016年和平协议之后，试图平衡其社会和经济，保护和恢复重要的生态区域。安第斯山区páramos生态系统和博亚卡的paramuno/paramero campesinos发现自己处于其中一些挑战的中心。páramos及其人民-主要是社会经济不稳定的农民-正面临着划定、保护和控制其生计的保护政策。本文采用定性方法相结合，包括访谈和参与观察，前景campesinos的经验，探讨了社会环境的紧张局势中出现的这种背景下的保护。本文认为，划界过程是新自由主义保护的组成部分，优先考虑土地节约，生态系统服务支付和其他“绿色绿色业务”。此外，划界进程没有解决与农业开采模式有关的导致帕拉莫斯环境退化的结构性因素。近几十年来，农民被迫从事越来越多的农业采掘主义耕作，鼓励专业化、单一作物、集约化和依赖外部投入。在空间上，这推动了他们扩大农业边界，也推动了他们在公园内外和农业生计。现在又受到保护限制的挤压，划界正在加剧历史上的不平等和不信任。作为一个山区，小规模的农业案例研究，在冲突的设置，这是一个新颖的和独特的除了农业提取主义研究。通过新自由主义保护和农业采掘主义分析划界过程提供了一种系统的方法，它突出了páramos所提倡的政策的不一致和矛盾。因此，本文展示了新自由主义的保护议程不仅是兼容的，但不可分割的农业采掘景观，因为它补偿环境溢出没有质疑现行的市场模式。它不是寻求社会生态上更公正的耕作方式，而是为资本开辟新的边界，损害社会环境和平。
Colombia is in the midst of an important shift: trying to balance its society and economy in the wake of the 2016 peace-agreement, with protection and restoration of important ecological regions. The mountainous Andean páramos ecosystem and paramuno/paramero campesinos of Boyacá have found themselves at the centre of some of these challenges. The páramos and their people – predominantly socio-economically precarious campesino farmers – are facing conservation policies to delimit, protect and control their livelihoods. Using a combination of qualitative methods, including interviews and participant-observation, to foreground campesinos' experiences, this paper explores the socio-environmental tensions emerging amidst this context of conservation. This paper argues that the delimitation process is constitutive of neoliberal conservation, which prioritises land sparing, ecosystem service payments and other ‘green business’. Furthermore, the delimitation process does not address the structural factors driving environmental degradation in the páramos, which is linked to an agro-extractivist model. Over recent decades, campesinos have been driven into increasingly agro-extractivist farming which encourages specialisation, monocropping, intensification, and dependence on external inputs. Spatially this has pushed them up to expand the agricultural frontier, as well as pushed them down within and out of the páramos and farming livelihoods. Now additionally squeezed by conservation restrictions, the delimitation is exacerbating historic inequality and mistrust. As a mountainous, small-scale farming case-study, in a conflict setting, this is a novel and unique addition to agro-extractivism research. Analysing the delimitation process through neoliberal conservation and agro-extractivism provides a systemic approach, which highlights the inconsistencies and contradictions of the policies promoted in the páramos. The paper thus demonstrates how the neoliberal conservation agenda is not only compatible with but integral to the agro-extractivist landscape, as it compensates for environmental spill-overs without questioning the prevailing market model. Rather than seek more socio-ecologically just farming practices, it opens new frontiers for capital and compromises socio-environmental peace.
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