Evolution of pigment‐dispersing factor neuropeptides in panarthropoda: Insights from onychophora (velvet worms) and tardigrada (water bears)
Evolution of pigment‐dispersing factor neuropeptides in panarthropoda: Insights from onychophora (velvet worms) and tardigrada (water bears)
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全节肢动物色素分散因子神经肽的进化：来自甲虫（天鹅绒虫）和缓步动物（水熊）的见解
DOI：
10.1002/cne.23767
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Dircksen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hering;Stosch;Stevenson;Dircksen
色素分散因子（PDF）是一个保守的同源神经肽家族，存在于几种无脊椎动物中，包括软体动物，线虫，昆虫和甲壳类动物（此处称为色素分散激素[PDH]）。关于它们的编码基因（pdf，pdh），昆虫只有一个，线虫有两个，而十足类甲壳动物多达三个，但它们的系统发育关系尚不清楚。为了阐明pdf/pdh同源基因在全节肢动物门（Onychophora + Tardigrada + Arthropoda）和其他蜕皮动物门（Ecdysozoa）中的起源和多样性，我们分析了5种远亲的甲目动物和一种代表性的缓步动物的转录组，并在其他原口动物的生物学可用基因组中寻找推定的pdf同源基因。这表明在几种软体动物和环节动物中只有一个epdfhomolog;在Onychophora，Priapulida和Nematoda中有两个;在缓步动物中有三个。系统发育分析表明，泛节肢动物的最后一个共同祖先拥有两个同源物，其中之一是失去了节肢动物或节肢动物/缓步动物谱系，随后重复的其余同源物在一些类群。通过使用识别许多物种中PDF/PDH肽的广泛反应性抗体，对六种甲属物种中的PDF样肽进行免疫定位，揭示了其中枢和外周神经系统中神经元和纤维的复杂系统。心脏中的大型静脉曲张预测表明PDF神经肽在最后的共同祖先Onychophora和Arthropoda中既充当循环激素又充当局部释放的递质。缺乏PDF样免疫反应胞体与onychophoran视神经节符合onychophoran眼睛同源的节肢动物中单眼的假设。J. Comp.神经元523：1865-1885，2015 © 2015 Wiley Periodicals，Inc.
Pigment‐dispersing factor (PDF) denotes a conserved family of homologous neuropeptides present in several invertebrate groups, including mollusks, nematodes, insects, and crustaceans (referred to here as pigment‐dispersing hormone [PDH]). With regard to their encoding genes (pdf, pdh), insects possess only one, nematodes two, and decapod crustaceans up to three, but their phylogenetic relationship is unknown. To shed light on the origin and diversification ofpdf/pdhhomologs in Panarthropoda (Onychophora + Tardigrada + Arthropoda) and other molting animals (Ecdysozoa), we analyzed the transcriptomes of five distantly related onychophorans and a representative tardigrade and searched for putativepdfhomologs in publically available genomes of other protostomes. This revealed only onepdfhomolog in several mollusk and annelid species; two in Onychophora, Priapulida, and Nematoda; and three in Tardigrada. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the last common ancestor of Panarthropoda possessed twopdfhomologs, one of which was lost in the arthropod or arthropod/tardigrade lineage, followed by subsequent duplications of the remaining homolog in some taxa. Immunolocalization of PDF‐like peptides in six onychophoran species, by using a broadly reactive antibody that recognizes PDF/PDH peptides in numerous species, revealed an elaborate system of neurons and fibers in their central and peripheral nervous systems. Large varicose projections in the heart suggest that the PDF neuropeptides functioned as both circulating hormones and locally released transmitters in the last common ancestor of Onychophora and Arthropoda. The lack of PDF‐like‐immunoreactive somata associated with the onychophoran optic ganglion conforms to the hypothesis that onychophoran eyes are homologous to the arthropod median ocelli. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1865–1885, 2015 © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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