The effect of stiffness and hole size on nipple compression in infant suckling.
The effect of stiffness and hole size on nipple compression in infant suckling.
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DOI：
10.1002/jez.2657
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发表时间：
2023-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Mayerl, Christopher J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Adjerid, Khaled;Johnson, Maxwell L.;Edmonds, Chloe E.;Steer, Kenall E.;Gould, Francois D. H.;German, Rebecca Z.;Mayerl, Christopher J.
在婴儿喂养过程中，乳头是影响运动输出的重要感觉信息来源，包括处理乳头压缩、吸乳、乳丸运动和吞咽的运动。尽管已知不同商业上可买到的乳头在行为上存在差异，但对乳头特性变化在体内的影响知之甚少。在这里，我们量化了乳头刚度和孔大小的差异对一个容易测量的指标代表婴儿喂养行为的影响：乳头压缩。我们用奶瓶喂养7天大的仔猪（n = 6），用四个定制的硅胶奶头喂养。我们记录了在两种硬度/刚度水平和两种孔尺寸的乳头上进食的实时X射线透视成像数据。我们使用混合模型方差分析测试了不同乳头类型在乳头最大压缩时乳头压缩的差异。较硬的乳头和孔洞较小的乳头比柔顺的乳头和孔洞较大的乳头受到的压缩更小（p < 0.001）。我们还估计了喂奶过程中施加在乳头上的力，发现更多的力被施加到柔顺的乳头上，其应变不成比例地大。我们的研究结果表明，仔猪乳头的压缩性取决于材料类型和孔大小，这可能是由仔猪对可压缩性和流量的初步评估来检测的。通过分离乳头特性，我们证明了特性与哺乳行为之间的关系。我们的研究结果表明，感官信息影响摄食行为，也可能为临床治疗不良摄食行为提供信息。来自乳头的感觉输入已经被证明会影响婴儿喂养，通过市售的形状和大小也各不相同的乳头。在这里，我们分离了两个特定的乳头特性，刚度和孔大小，在其他均匀的乳头，而奶瓶喂养仔猪。我们发现，更柔顺和更大的孔乳头受到更大的压缩，柔顺的乳头受到更大的压力，这表明有能力检测乳头特性，从而改变喂养行为。我们测试了人工乳头特性对婴儿喂养的感官影响。仔猪在进食时表现出更大的压力和更大的力，这表明在喂养行为中有感觉作用。
During infant feeding, the nipple is an important source of sensory information that affects motor outputs, including ones dealing with compression of the nipple, suction, milk bolus movement, and swallowing. Despite known differences in behavior across commercially available nipples, little is known about the in vivo effects of nipple property variation. Here we quantify the effect of differences in nipple stiffness and hole size on an easily measured metric representing infant feeding behavior: nipple compression. We bottle‐fed 7‐day old infant pigs (n = 6) on four custom fabricated silicone nipples. We recorded live X‐ray fluoroscopic imaging data of feeding on nipples of two levels of hardness/stiffness and two hole sizes. We tested for differences in nipple compression at the nipple's maximum compression across different nipple types using a mixed model analysis of variance. Stiffer nipples and those with smaller holes were compressed less than compliant nipples and nipples with larger holes (p < 0.001). We also estimated the force applied on the nipple during feeding and found that more force was applied to the compliant nipple with disproportionately larger strains. Our results suggest that infant pigs' nipple compression depends on material type and hole size, which is likely detected by the infant pigs' initial assessment of compressibility and flow. By isolating nipple properties, we demonstrated a relationship between properties and suckling behavior. Our results suggest that sensory information affects feeding behaviors and may also inform clinical treatment of poor feeding performance. Sensory input from the nipple has been shown to affect infant feeding across commercially available nipples that also vary shape and size. Here, we isolated two specific nipple properties, stiffness, and hole size, in otherwise uniform nipples, while bottle feeding infant pigs. We found greater compression on more compliant and larger holed nipples, and the compliant nipples were compressed with more force, suggesting an ability to detect nipple properties resulting in modified feeding behavior. We tested the sensory effects of artificial nipple properties on infant feeding. Infant pigs exhibited greater compression and greater force when feeding on more compliant and larger holed nipples suggesting a sensory role in feeding behavior.
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