The spine problem: finding a function for dendritic spines.

The spine problem: finding a function for dendritic spines.
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脊柱问题:寻找树突状刺的功能。

DOI:
10.3389/fnana.2014.00095
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发表时间:
2014
影响因子:
2.9
通讯作者:
Craver CF
Craver CF
中科院分区:
医学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Malanowski S;Craver CF

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为什么神经元有树突棘?这个问题--尤斯特所谓的“脊椎问题”的核心--假定这类问题有科学的答案:经验发现可以支持或反对关于神经元为什么有脊椎的说法。在这里,我们展示了这些问题如何得到经验的答案。我们提出了这样的问题,如脊椎如何对我们认为重要的某些机制的行为产生影响。“为什么”问题从根本上是由理解某些项目(如树突棘)如何位于世界的因果结构(因果关系)中的努力驱动的。他们要求在这个忙碌的世界里有一个过滤器,让我们看到一个零件对一个机制的单独贡献,而不依赖于其他任何事情的发生。我们区分了四种不同的机制(必要的,调节的,组件,背景条件),我们勾勒出他们的证据要求。我们分析的一个结果是,有许多脊柱问题,任何给定的脊柱问题可能有许多可接受的答案。
Why do neurons have dendritic spines? This question—the heart of what Yuste calls “the spine problem”—presupposes that why-questions of this sort have scientific answers: that empirical findings can favor or count against claims about why neurons have spines. Here we show how such questions can receive empirical answers. We construe such why-questions as questions about how spines make a difference to the behavior of some mechanism that we take to be significant. Why-questions are driven fundamentally by the effort to understand how some item, such as the dendritic spine, is situated in the causal structure of the world (the causal nexus). They ask for a filter on that busy world that allows us to see a part’s individual contribution to a mechanism, independent of everything else going on. So understood, answers to why-questions can be assessed by testing the claims these answers make about the causal structure of a mechanism. We distinguish four ways of making a difference to a mechanism (necessary, modulatory, component, background condition), and we sketch their evidential requirements. One consequence of our analysis is that there are many spine problems and that any given spine problem might have many acceptable answers.
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