Key scientific issues in developing drinking water guidelines for perfluoroalkyl acids: Contaminants of emerging concern.
Key scientific issues in developing drinking water guidelines for perfluoroalkyl acids: Contaminants of emerging concern.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pbio.2002855
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发表时间：
2017-12
期刊：
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Cooper KR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Post GB;Gleason JA;Cooper KR
全氟烷基酸(PFAA)是一类具有工业和商业用途的合成有机化学品，由于人们日益认识到它们存在于饮用水中，并可能对健康造成不利影响，因此目前引起了人们的关注。PFAA在持久性、生物累积性和毒性(PBT)污染物中是独一无二的，因为它们是水溶性的，不会在环境中分解。本评论讨论了影响PFAA饮用水指南制定的科学和风险评估问题，包括毒理学终点的选择、不确定因素和作为其基础的暴露假设。在实验动物中，PFAA会对肝脏、免疫、内分泌和男性生殖系统以及发育中的胎儿和新生儿造成毒性。低剂量的影响包括乳腺发育的持续延迟(全氟辛酸；全氟辛酸)和免疫反应的抑制(全氟辛烷磺酸；全氟辛烷磺酸)。在人类中，即使在一般人群水平上接触一些PFAA也与健康影响有关，如增加血脂和肝酶，降低疫苗反应，以及降低出生体重。持续暴露在饮用水中的长链PFAA的浓度即使相对较低，也会大大增加人体负担，在暴露结束后多年仍保持在较高水平。值得注意的是，婴儿是PFAA发育影响的敏感亚群，与来自相同饮用水来源的成年人相比，婴儿受到的暴露更高。在为饮用水中的PFAA制定健康保护和科学合理的指南时，应考虑这些信息以及未来研究中新出现的数据。
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), a group of synthetic organic chemicals with industrial and commercial uses, are of current concern because of increasing awareness of their presence in drinking water and their potential to cause adverse health effects. PFAAs are distinctive among persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) contaminants because they are water soluble and do not break down in the environment. This commentary discusses scientific and risk assessment issues that impact the development of drinking water guidelines for PFAAs, including choice of toxicological endpoints, uncertainty factors, and exposure assumptions used as their basis. In experimental animals, PFAAs cause toxicity to the liver, the immune, endocrine, and male reproductive systems, and the developing fetus and neonate. Low-dose effects include persistent delays in mammary gland development (perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOA) and suppression of immune response (perfluorooctane sulfonate; PFOS). In humans, even general population level exposures to some PFAAs are associated with health effects such as increased serum lipids and liver enzymes, decreased vaccine response, and decreased birth weight. Ongoing exposures to even relatively low drinking water concentrations of long-chain PFAAs substantially increase human body burdens, which remain elevated for many years after exposure ends. Notably, infants are a sensitive subpopulation for PFAA’s developmental effects and receive higher exposures than adults from the same drinking water source. This information, as well as emerging data from future studies, should be considered in the development of health-protective and scientifically sound guidelines for PFAAs in drinking water.
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-15518-0_6
发表时间：
2015-01-01
期刊：
TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PERFLUOROALKYL AND POLYFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES
影响因子：
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作者：
Kudo, Naomi
通讯作者：
Kudo, Naomi
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Hoffman K;Webster TF;Bartell SM;Weisskopf MG;Fletcher T;Vieira VM
通讯作者：
Vieira VM
影响因子：
10.9
作者：
Hu, Xindi C.;Andrews, David Q.;Lindstrom, Andrew B.;Bruton, Thomas A.;Schaider, Laurel A.;Grandjean, Philippe;Lohmann, Rainer;Carignan, Courtney C.;Blum, Arlene;Balan, Simona A.;Higgins, Christopher P.;Sunderland, Elsie M.
通讯作者：
Sunderland, Elsie M.
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Abbott, Barbara D.
通讯作者：
Abbott, Barbara D.
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-15518-0_12
发表时间：
2015-01-01
期刊：
TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PERFLUOROALKYL AND POLYFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES
影响因子：
--
作者：
Kennedy, Gerald L.;Symons, J. Morel
通讯作者：
Symons, J. Morel