Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines.

Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines.
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DOI:
10.3390/v13081657
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发表时间:
2021-08-20
期刊:
Viruses
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Chambers TM
Chambers TM
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Oladunni FS;Oseni SO;Martinez-Sobrido L;Chambers TM

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马流感病毒 (EIV) 是一种不断进化的病毒病原体,每年都会爆发马匹呼吸道疾病,称为马流感 (EI)。目前没有证据表明 EIV 原 H7N7 毒株在全球范围内传播;然而,20 世纪 60 年代初首次分离出的 EIV H3N8 病毒株仍然是对世界上大多数马匹的主要威胁。它也可以感染狗。 EIV 在其抗体结合位点不断积累突变的能力使其能够逃避宿主的保护性免疫,使其成为一种成功的病毒病原体。针对 EIV 的临床和病毒学保护是通过刺激接种疫苗的马的强大细胞和体液免疫来实现的。然而,尽管 EI 疫苗多年来不断更新,但 EIV 仍然具有重要意义,因为疫苗的保护作用会减弱,并导致亚临床感染,从而促进传播到易感人群。在这篇综述中,我们描述了 EIV 的进化如何导致 EI 反复爆发,甚至在疫苗接种覆盖率较高的马群中也是如此。接下来,我们讨论开发有效的商业用 EI 疫苗所采用的方法,以及现有的系统,以根据现有的临床和病毒学数据提出更新疫苗的建议,以提高接种疫苗的马群的保护性免疫力。了解如何更好地利用 EIV 生物学来改进 EI 疫苗对于控制 EI 至关重要。
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is currently no evidence of circulation of the original H7N7 strain of EIV worldwide; however, the EIV H3N8 strain, which was first isolated in the early 1960s, remains a major threat to most of the world’s horse populations. It can also infect dogs. The ability of EIV to constantly accumulate mutations in its antibody-binding sites enables it to evade host protective immunity, making it a successful viral pathogen. Clinical and virological protection against EIV is achieved by stimulation of strong cellular and humoral immunity in vaccinated horses. However, despite EI vaccine updates over the years, EIV remains relevant, because the protective effects of vaccines decay and permit subclinical infections that facilitate transmission into susceptible populations. In this review, we describe how the evolution of EIV drives repeated EI outbreaks even in horse populations with supposedly high vaccination coverage. Next, we discuss the approaches employed to develop efficacious EI vaccines for commercial use and the existing system for recommendations on updating vaccines based on available clinical and virological data to improve protective immunity in vaccinated horse populations. Understanding how EIV biology can be better harnessed to improve EI vaccines is central to controlling EI.
DOI: 10.2746/042516408x371937
发表时间: 2009-01
影响因子: 2.2
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